Ceccherini, G., Russo, S., Ameztoy, I., Marchese, A. F., and Carmona-Moreno, C.: Heat waves in Africa 1981–2015, observations and reanalysis, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 115–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-115-2017, 2017. a

Coppola, E., Nogherotto, R., Ciarlò, J. M., Giorgi, F., van Meijgaard, E., Kadygrov, N., Iles, C., Corre, L., Sandstad, M., Somot, S., Nabat, P., Vautard, R., Levavasseur, G., Schwingshackl, C., Sillmann, J., Kjellström, E., Nikulin, G., Aalbers, E., Lenderink, G., Christensen, O. B., Boberg, F., Sørland, S. L., Demory, M.-E., Bülow, K., Teichmann, C., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Assessment of the European Climate Projections as Simulated by the Large EURO-CORDEX Regional and Global Climate Model Ensemble, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2019JD032356, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032356, 2021. a, b

Cornes, R. C., van der Schrier, G., van den Besselaar, E. J. M., and Jones, P. D.: An Ensemble Version of the E-OBS Temperature and Precipitation Data Sets, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9391–9409, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028200, 2018 (data available at: https://www.ecad.eu/, last access: 17 August 2022). a, b

Davini, P. and D'Andrea, F.: Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Blocking Representation in Global Climate Models: Twenty Years of Improvements?, J. Climate, 29, 8823–8840, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0242.1, 2016. a

Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011 (data available at: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era-interim, last access: 17 August 2022). a, b

Di Luca, A., Argüeso, D., Evans, J. P., de Elía, R., and Laprise, R.: Quantifying the overall added value of dynamical downscaling and the contribution from different spatial scales, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 1575–1590, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024009, 2016. a

Dosio, A., Mentaschi, L., Fischer, E. M., and Wyser, K.: Extreme heat waves under 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 054006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab827, 2018. a

Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016. a

Giorgi, F., Jones, C., and Asrar, G. R.: Addressing climate information needs at the regional level: the CORDEX framework, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Bulletin, 58, 175–183​​​​​​​, 2009. a

Guo, Y., Gasparrini, A., Armstrong, B. G., Tawatsupa, B., Tobias, A., Lavigne, E., de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, M., Pan, X., Kim, H., Hashizume, M., Honda, Y., Guo, Y.-L. L., Wu, C.-F., Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J. D., Bell, M. L., Scortichini, M., Michelozzi, P., Punnasiri, K., Li, S., Tian, L., Garcia, S. D. O., Seposo, X., Overcenco, A., Zeka, A., Goodman, P., Dang, T. N., Dung, D. V., Mayvaneh, F., Saldiva, P. H. N., Williams, G., and Tong, S.: Heat wave and mortality: a multicountry, multicommunity study, Environ. Health Persp., 125, 087006, https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1026, 2017. a

Hertig, E., Maraun, D., Bartholy, J., Pongracz, R., Vrac, M., Mares, I., Gutiérrez, J. M., Wibig, J., Casanueva, A., and Soares, P. M.: Comparison of statistical downscaling methods with respect to extreme events over Europe: Validation results from the perfect predictor experiment of the COST Action VALUE, Int. J. Climatol., 39, 3846–3867, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5469, 2019. a

Horton, R. M., Mankin, J. S., Lesk, C., Coffel, E., and Raymond, C.: A review of recent advances in research on extreme heat events, Current Climate Change Reports, 2, 242–259, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-016-0042-x, 2016. a, b

IPCC: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, in: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Field, C., Van Aalst, M., Aalst, M., Adger, W., Arent, D., Barnett, J., Betts, R., Bilir, E., Birkmann, J., Carmin, J., Chadee, D., Challinor, A., Chatterjee, M., Cramer, W., Davidson, D., Estrada, Y., Gattuso, J.-P., Hijioka, Y., Guldberg, O., Huang, H.-Q., Insarov, G., Jones, R., Kovats, S., Lankao, P., Larsen, J., nigo Losada, I., Marengo, J., McLean, R., Mearns, L., Mechler, R., Morton, J., Niang, I., Oki, T., Olwoch, J., Opondo, M., Poloczanska, E., Pörtner, H.-O., Redsteer, M., Reisinger, A., Revi, A., Schmidt, D., Shaw, R., Solecki, W., Stone, D., Stone, J., Strzepek, K., Suarez, A., Tschakert, P., Valentini, R., Vicuna, S., Villamizar, A., Vincent, K., Warren, R., White, L., Wilbanks, T., Wong, P., and Yoh, G., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p. 1132, 2014. a

IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., Tignor, M., and Waterfield, T., World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, p. 32, 2018. a

IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Tignor, M., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., and Okem, A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p. 37, in press, 2022. a

Jacob, D., Bärring, L., Christensen, O. B., Christensen, J. H., de Castro, M., Deque, M., Giorgi, F., Hagemann, S., Hirschi, M., Jones, R., Kjellström, E., Lenderink, G., Rockel, B., Sánchez, E., Schär, C., Seneviratne, S. I., Somot, S., van Ulden, A., and van den Hurk, B.: An inter-comparison of regional climate models for Europe: model performance in present-day climate, Climatic Change, 81, 31–52, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9213-4, 2007. a

Jacob, D., Teichmann, C., Sobolowski, S., Katragkou, E., Anders, I., Belda, M., Benestad, R., Boberg, F., Buonomo, E., Cardoso, R. M., Casanueva, A., Christensen, O. B., Christensen, J. H., Coppola, E., Cruz, L. D., Davin, E. L., Dobler, A., Domínguez, M., Fealy, R., Fernandez, J., Gaertner, M. A., García-Díez, M., Giorgi, F., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K., Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Alemán, J. J. G., Gutiérrez, C., Gutiérrez, J. M., Güttler, I., Haensler, A., Halenka, T., Jerez, S., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Jones, R. G., Keuler, K., Kjellström, E., Knist, S., Kotlarski, S., Maraun, D., van Meijgaard, E., Mercogliano, P., Montávez, J. P., Navarra, A., Nikulin, G., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Panitz, H.-J., Pfeifer, S., Piazza, M., Pichelli, E., Pietikäinen, J.-P., Prein, A. F., Preuschmann, S., Rechid, D., Rockel, B., Romera, R., Sánchez, E., Sieck, K., Soares, P. M. M., Somot, S., Srnec, L., Sørland, S. L., Termonia, P., Truhetz, H., Vautard, R., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives from the EURO-CORDEX community, Reg. Environ. Change, 20, 51​​​​​​​, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01606-9, 2020. a

Jerez, S., Palacios-Peña, L., Gutiérrez, C., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., López-Romero, J. M., Pravia-Sarabia, E., and Montávez, J. P.: Sensitivity of surface solar radiation to aerosol–radiation and aerosol–cloud interactions over Europe in WRFv3.6.1 climatic runs with fully interactive aerosols, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1533–1551, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1533-2021, 2021. a

Jury, M. W., Herrera, S., Gutiérrez, J., and Barriopedro, D.: Blocking representation in the ERA-Interim driven EURO-CORDEX RCMs, Clim. Dynam., 52, 3291–3306, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4335-8, 2019. a

Kerr, R. A.: Vital Details of Global Warming Are Eluding Forecasters, Science, 334, 173–174, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.334.6053.173, 2011. a

Lin, C.: ahheo/climi: Python package for CLIMate Indices (v0.1.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7007414, 2022. a

Liu, X., He, B., Guo, L., Huang, L., and Chen, D.: Similarities and differences in the mechanisms causing the European summer heatwaves in 2003, 2010, and 2018, Earth's Future, 8, e2019EF001386, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001386, 2020. a

Luo, Z., Yang, J., Gao, M., and Chen, D.: Extreme hot days over three global mega-regions: Historical fidelity and future projection, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 21, e1003, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.1003, 2020. a

Masato, G., Hoskins, B. J., and Woollings, T.: Winter and Summer Northern Hemisphere Blocking in CMIP5 Models, J. Climate, 26, 7044–7059, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00466.1, 2013. a, b

Molina, M., Sánchez, E., and Gutiérrez, C.: Future heat waves over the Mediterranean from an Euro-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble, Scientific Reports, 10, 8801​​​​​​​, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65663-0, 2020. a, b

Perkins, S. E. and Alexander, L. V.: On the measurement of heat waves, J. Climate, 26, 4500–4517, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00383.1, 2013. a

Prein, A. F., Gobiet, A., Truhetz, H., Keuler, K., Goergen, K., Teichmann, C., Fox Maule, C., van Meijgaard, E., Déqué, M., Nikulin, G., Vautard, R., Colette, A., Kjellström, E., and Jacob, D.: Precipitation in the EURO-CORDEX 0.11 ^∘C and 0.44 ^∘C simulations: high resolution, high benefits?, Clim. Dynam., 46, 383–412, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2589-y, 2016. a

Rennie, S., Goergen, K., Wohner, C., Apweiler, S., Peterseil, J., and Watkins, J.: A climate service for ecologists: sharing pre-processed EURO-CORDEX regional climate scenario data using the eLTER Information System, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 631–644, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-631-2021, 2021. a

Robine, J.-M., Cheung, S. L. K., Le Roy, S., Van Oyen, H., Griffiths, C., Michel, J.-P., and Herrmann, F. R.: Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003, C. R. Biol., 331, 171–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001, 2008. a

Rummukainen, M.: Added value in regional climate modeling, WIRES Clim. Change, 7, 145–159, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.378, 2016. a, b, c

Russo, S., Sillmann, J., and Fischer, E. M.: Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 124003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003​​​​​​​, 2015. a, b, c, d, e, f

Russo, S., Marchese, A. F., Sillmann, J., and Immé, G.: When will unusual heat waves become normal in a warming Africa?, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 054016, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054016, 2016. a

Russo, S., Sillmann, J., and Sterl, A.: Humid heat waves at different warming levels, Scientific Reports, 7, 7477​​​​​​​, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07536-7, 2017. a

Schaller, N., Sillmann, J., Anstey, J., Fischer, E. M., Grams, C. M., and Russo, S.: Influence of blocking on Northern European and Western Russian heatwaves in large climate model ensembles, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 054015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaba55, 2018. a

Schiermeier, Q.: The real holes in climate science, Nature, 463, 284–288, https://doi.org/10.1038/463284a, 2010. a

Schwingshackl, C., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Sørland, S. L., Wartenburger, R., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Regional climate model projections underestimate future warming due to missing plant physiological CO₂ response, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 114019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4949, 2019. a, b

Seneviratne, S. I., Zhang, X., Adnan, M., Badi, W., Dereczynski, C., Di Luca, A., Ghosh, S., Iskandar, I., Kossin, J., Lewis, S., Otto, F., Pinto, I., Satoh, M., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Wehner, M., and Zhou, B.: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate, in: Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekç, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p. 345, 2021. a

Soares, P. M. M., Maraun, D., Brands, S., Jury, M. W., Gutiérrez, J. M., San-Martín, D., Hertig, E., Huth, R., Belušić Vozila, A., Cardoso, R. M., Kotlarski, S., Drobinski, P., and Obermann-Hellhund, A.: Process-based evaluation of the VALUE perfect predictor experiment of statistical downscaling methods, Int. J. Climatol., 39, 3868–3893, 2019. a

Sørland, S. L., Schär, C., Lüthi, D., and Kjellström, E.: Bias patterns and climate change signals in GCM-RCM model chains, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 074017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacc77, 2018. a, b, c, d

Sørland, S. L., Fischer, A. M., Kotlarski, S., Künsch, H. R., Liniger, M. A., Rajczak, J., Schär, C., Spirig, C., Strassmann, K., and Knutti, R.: CH2018 – National climate scenarios for Switzerland: How to construct consistent multi-model projections from ensembles of opportunity, Climate Services, 20, 100196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2020.100196, 2020. a

Strandberg, G. and Lind, P.: The importance of horizontal model resolution on simulated precipitation in Europe – from global to regional models, Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 181–204, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-181-2021, 2021. a, b, c

Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J., and Meehl, G. A.: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 485–498, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1, 2012. a

Torma, C., Giorgi, F., and Coppola, E.: Added value of regional climate modeling over areas characterized by complex terrain – Precipitation over the Alps, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 3957–3972, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022781, 2015.  a, b, c

Vautard, R., Kadygrov, N., Iles, C., Boberg, F., Buonomo, E., Bülow, K., Coppola, E., Corre, L., van Meijgaard, E., Nogherotto, R., Sandstad, M., Schwingshackl, C., Somot, S., Aalbers, E., Christensen, O. B., Ciarlò, J. M., Demory, M.-E., Giorgi, F., Jacob, D., Jones, R. G., Keuler, K., Kjellström, E., Lenderink, G., Levavasseur, G., Nikulin, G., Sillmann, J., Solidoro, C., Sørland, S. L., Steger, C., Teichmann, C., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Evaluation of the large EURO-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126​​​​​​​, e2019JD032344, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032344, 2020. a

Wilby, R. L. and Dessai, S.: Robust adaptation to climate change, Weather, 65, 180–185, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.543, 2010. a

Wilcke, R. A. I., Kjellström, E., Lin, C., Matei, D., Moberg, A., and Tyrlis, E.: The extremely warm summer of 2018 in Sweden – set in a historical context, Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 1107–1121, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-1107-2020, 2020. a

Zampieri, M., Russo, S., di Sabatino, S., Michetti, M., Scoccimarro, E., and Gualdi, S.: Global assessment of heat wave magnitudes from 1901 to 2010 and implications for the river discharge of the Alps, Sci. Total Environ., 571, 1330–1339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.008, 2016. a

Zhang, P., Jeong, J.-H., Yoon, J.-H., Kim, H., Wang, S.-Y. S., Linderholm, H. W., Fang, K., Wu, X., and Chen, D.: Abrupt shift to hotter and drier climate over inner East Asia beyond the tipping point, Science, 370, 1095–1099, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb3368, 2020. a