Recent  

Nitrogen (N) is an essential limiting nutrient to terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration. We evaluate N cycling in an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models. We find that they simulate significant variability in N processes. Models tended to overestimate C storage per unit N in vegetation and soil, which could have consequences for projecting the future terrestrial C sink. However, N cycling measurements are highly uncertain and more are necessary to guide the development of N cycling in models.

We examine the links between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Tropical Atlantic mode (NTA) using outputs from model simulations and reanalysis data. Our results suggest robust effects of ENSO on NTA and provide insights on the unstable impacts of NTA on ENSO. Our results show that the models may underestimate the impacts of NTA on ENSO, implying that better representation of NTA variability and NTA-ENSO links in the models may improve the predictability of ENSO variations.

This study utilizes the reduced-complexity model, Framework for Evaluating Damages and Impacts (FrEDI), to assess the impacts from climate change in the United States, across 10,000 future probabilistic emission and socioeconomic projections. Climate-driven damages are largest for the health category, with the majority of damages in this category from the valuation estimates of premature mortality attributable to climate-driven changes in extreme temperature and air quality.

Carbon fluxes from agroecosystems change the carbon cycle and the amount of CO₂ in the air. Using the Integrated Science Assessment Model (ISAM), we looked at the carbon cycle in areas where spring wheat is grown. The results showed that fluxes vary a lot between regions, mostly because planting times are different. According to our investigation into which variables have the greatest impact on the carbon cycle, nitrogen fertilizers added to crops have the greatest impact on the carbon cycle.

Simulations are performed with an intermediate complexity climate model, PLASIM, to assess the future response of the monsoons to changing concentrations of aerosols and greenhouse gases. The aerosol loading is applied to India, Southeast Asia and East China, both concurrently and independently. The primary effect of increased aerosol loading is a decrease in summer precipitation in the vicinity of the applied forcing, although the regional response varies significantly.

We investigated the flux of carbon from the atmosphere into the land surface and the ocean for multiple models and over a range of future scenarios. We did this by comparing simulations after the same amount of change in the global mean near surface temperature. Using this method, we show that the choice of scenario can have a big impact. Scenarios with higher emissions reach the same warming levels sooner, but also with relatively more carbon in the atmosphere.

A global climate model is applied to quantify the impact of land transport, shipping and aviation on aerosol and climate. The simulations show that these sectors provide important contributions to aerosol concentrations on the global scale and have a significant cooling effect on climate, which partly offsets their CO₂ warming. Future projections under different scenarios show how the transport impacts can be related to the underlying storylines, with relevant consequences for policy-making.

We present model-based topographic sensitivity experiments that provide valuable constraints for interpreting past proxies and records of climate and tectonic processes. The study uses a climate model to quantify the response of regional climate and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation to the diachronous surface uplift scenarios across the European Alps. The results suggest that isotopic signal changes can be measured in geologic archives using stable isotope paleoaltimetry.

We study the groundwater (GW) impact on summer heat events in a new dataset from the coupled regional Terrestrial Systems Modelling Platform (TSMP), with an explicit representation of GW hydrodynamics, compared to an ensemble of EURO-CORDEX climate change scenario control runs. Our results show that GW coupling affects the duration and intensity of summer heat events, leading to fewer long and intense events in TSMP compared to the EURO-CORDEX ensemble.