Articles | Volume 13, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1417-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1417-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Oct 2022
Research article |
| 17 Oct 2022
| 17 Oct 2022
Process-based estimate of global-mean sea-level changes in the Common Era
Nidheesh Gangadharan
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain,
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Hugues Goosse
Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain,
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
David Parkes
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University,
Lancaster, United Kingdom
Heiko Goelzer
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate
Research, Bergen, Norway
Fabien Maussion
Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of
Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Ben Marzeion
Institute of Geography and MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental
Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Jakob Steiner, William Armstrong, Will Kochtitzky, Robert McNabb, Rodrigo Aguayo, Tobias Bolch, Fabien Maussion, Vibhor Agarwal, Iestyn Barr, Nathaniel R. Baurley, Mike Cloutier, Katelyn DeWater, Frank Donachie, Yoann Drocourt, Siddhi Garg, Gunjan Joshi, Byron Guzman, Stanislav Kutuzov, Thomas Loriaux, Caleb Mathias, Brian Menounos, Evan Miles, Aleksandra Osika, Kaleigh Potter, Adina Racoviteanu, Brianna Rick, Miles Sterner, Guy D. Tallentire, Levan Tielidze, Rebecca White, Kunpeng Wu, and Whyjay Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 1665–1681, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1665-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1665-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Many mountain glaciers around the world flow into lakes – exactly how many however, has never been mapped. Across a large team of experts we have now identified all glaciers that end in lakes. Only about 1% do so, but they are generally larger than those which end on land. This is important to understand, as lakes can influence the behaviour of glacier ice, including how fast it disappears. This new dataset allows us to better model glaciers at a global scale, accounting for the effect of lakes.
Benjamin Heurgue, Charles Amory, Christoph Kittel, Fredrik Boberg, Gaël Durand, Vincent Favier, Xavier Fettweis, Quentin Glaude, Heiko Goelzer, Nicolaj Hansen, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Ruth Mottram, Martin Olesen, Willem Jan Van de Berg, Michiel R. Van den Broeke, and René R. Wijngaard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-624, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-624, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how the Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance may change by 2100 using three high-resolution climate models forced by the same future climate scenario. While the models agree for present-day conditions, they project very different futures, especially over floating ice shelves. These differences mainly come from how melting, refreezing, and temperature are represented. Our results show that future sea level projections strongly depend on how well models simulate today’s climate.
Patrick Schmitt, Fabien Maussion, Daniel N. Goldberg, and Philipp Gregor
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 1301–1319, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1301-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1301-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
To improve large-scale understanding of glaciers, we developed a new data assimilation method that integrates available observations in a dynamically consistent way, while taking their timestamps into account. It is designed to flexibly include new glacier data as it becomes available. We tested the method with idealized experiments and found promising results in terms of accuracy and efficiency, showing strong potential for real-world applications.
Muhammad Shafeeque, Jan-Hendrik Malles, Anouk Vlug, Marco Möller, and Ben Marzeion
The Cryosphere, 20, 875–903, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-875-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-875-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study projects Greenland's peripheral glaciers' response to climate change using the Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM). They may lose up to 52 % of ice mass by 2100. We predict changes in ice discharge versus melting, affecting fjords, sea levels, and ocean currents. Freshwater runoff composition and peak water timing vary by region and scenario. Our findings highlight the importance of reducing emissions to minimize impacts on these glaciers and their influence on ecosystems.
Jan Niklas Richter, Anselm Arndt, Nikolina Ban, Nicolas Gampierakis, Fabien Maussion, Rainer Prinz, Matthias Scheiter, Nikolaus Umlauf, and Lindsey Nicholson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6249, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6249, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a multi-objective Bayesian framework to calibrate a surface energy balance (SEB) model using only publicly available satellite data and climate simulations. The framework constrains model parameters well but also reveals biases in the forcing, affecting the SEB and the simulated mass balance and snowlines. The results indicate that an uncertainty-aware model chain can help identify model errors and provides a first step towards physical glacier modelling without in-situ data.
Konstanze Haubner, Heiko Goelzer, and Andreas Born
Earth Syst. Dynam., 17, 57–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-57-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-57-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We add a new dynamic component – an ice sheet model simulating the Greenland ice sheet – to an Earth system model that already captures the global climate evolution including ocean, atmosphere, land and sea ice. Under a strong warming scenario, the global warming of 10°C over 250 years is dominating the climate evolution. Changes from the ice-climate interaction are mainly local yet impacting the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet. Hence, ice-climate feedbacks should be considered beyond 2100.
Heiko Goelzer, Constantijn J. Berends, Fredrik Boberg, Gael Durand, Tamsin L. Edwards, Xavier Fettweis, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Quentin Glaude, Philippe Huybrechts, Sébastien Le clec'h, Ruth Mottram, Brice Noël, Martin Olesen, Charlotte Rahlves, Jeremy Rohmer, Michiel van den Broeke, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal
The Cryosphere, 19, 6887–6906, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6887-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6887-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present an ensemble of ice sheet model projections for the Greenland ice sheet. The focus is on providing projections that improve our understanding of the range future sea-level rise and the inherent uncertainties over the next 100 to 300 years. Compared to earlier work we more fully account for some of the uncertainties in sea-level projections. We include a wider range of climate model output, more climate change scenarios and we extend projections schematically up to year 2300.
Marie G. P. Cavitte, Hugues Goosse, Quentin Dalaiden, and Nicolas Ghilain
The Cryosphere, 19, 6483–6492, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6483-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6483-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cores are influenced by local processes that alter SMB (surface mass balance) records. To evaluate if atmospheric circulation on large spatial scales can explain differing snowfall trends at 8 East Antarctic ice rises, we assimilated their ice core SMB records within a high-resolution downscaled atmospheric model with quantified local errors from radar constraints. The reconstruction captures the SMB records’ variability but may over-fit by introducing unrealistic spatial heterogeneity.
Jeremy Rohmer, Heiko Goelzer, Tamsin L. Edwards, Goneri Le Cozannet, and Gael Durand
The Cryosphere, 19, 6421–6444, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6421-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6421-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Developing robust protocols to design multi-model ensembles is of primary importance for the uncertainty quantification of sea level projections. Here, we set up a series of computer experiments to reflect design decisions for the prediction of future sea level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet in 2100. We show the importance of including the most extreme climate scenario and the implications of using a single type of numerical model for ice sheets or regional climate.
Charlotte Rahlves, Heiko Goelzer, Andreas Born, and Petra M. Langebroek
The Cryosphere, 19, 6403–6419, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6403-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6403-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to better simulate how Greenland’s ice sheet may change over thousands of years in response to climate change. Using a stand-alone ice sheet model, we adjust snowfall and melting patterns based on changes in the ice sheet’s shape. This approach avoids complex coupled models and enables faster testing of many future scenarios to understand the long-term stability of Greenland’s ice.
Emile Neimry, Hugues Goosse, and Mathieu Jonard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5490, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5490, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines 180 years of drought variability in western Central Europe and its links to atmospheric circulation using three evaluated reanalysis datasets. Results reveal strong multidecadal variability, winter wetting, summer drying, and a growing influence of atmospheric evaporative demand. Four circulation patterns are identified, with recent droughts increasingly tied to the European High, marking a shift toward dynamics that intensify drought under climate change.
Kamilla Hauknes Sjursen, Jordi Bolibar, Marijn van der Meer, Liss Marie Andreassen, Julian Peter Biesheuvel, Thorben Dunse, Matthias Huss, Fabien Maussion, David R. Rounce, and Brandon Tober
The Cryosphere, 19, 5801–5826, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5801-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5801-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding glacier mass changes is crucial for assessing freshwater availability in many regions of the world. We present the Mass Balance Machine, a machine learning model that learns from sparse measurements of glacier mass change to make predictions on unmonitored glaciers. Using data from Norway, we show that the model provides accurate estimates of mass changes at different spatiotemporal scales. Our findings show that machine learning can be a valuable tool to improve such predictions.
Hugues Goosse, Stephy Libera, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Benjamin Richaud, Alessandro Silvano, and Martin Vancoppenolle
The Cryosphere, 19, 5763–5779, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5763-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5763-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The position of the winter sea ice edge in the Southern Ocean is strongly linked to the one of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thus to ocean bathymetry. This is due to the influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current on the southward heat flux that limits sea ice expansion, directly through oceanic processes and indirectly through its influence on atmospheric heat transport.
Heiko Goelzer, Petra M. Langebroek, Andreas Born, Stefan Hofer, Konstanze Haubner, Michele Petrini, Gunter Leguy, William H. Lipscomb, and Katherine Thayer-Calder
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7853–7867, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7853-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7853-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
On the backdrop of observed accelerating ice sheet mass loss over the last few decades, there is growing interest in the role of ice sheet changes in global climate projections. In this regard, we have coupled an Earth system model with an ice sheet model and have produced an initial set of climate projections including an interactive coupling with a dynamic Greenland ice sheet.
Ting-Chen Chen, Hugues Goosse, Cécile Davrinche, Stephy Libera, Christopher Roberts, Matthias Aengenheyster, Kristian Strommen, Malcolm Roberts, Rohit Ghosh, and Jin-Song von Storch
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1179–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1179-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1179-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is a leading mode of Southern Hemisphere climate variability, but global models often overestimate its persistence in summer. Bias in SAM persistence is reduced and jet latitude improved using high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST)-prescribed models, pointing to the central role of SSTs. Control experiments explore the influence of model resolution and mesoscale ocean features on SAM persistence, highlighting the complex and subtle nature of air-sea coupling.
Johanna Beckmann, Ronja Reese, Felicity S. McCormack, Sue Cook, Lawrence Bird, Dawid Gwyther, Daniel Richards, Matthias Scheiter, Yu Wang, Hélène Seroussi, Ayako Abe‐Ouchi, Torsten Albrecht, Jorge Alvarez‐Solas, Xylar S. Asay‐Davis, Jean‐Baptiste Barre, Constantijn J. Berends, Jorge Bernales, Javier Blasco, Justine Caillet, David M. Chandler, Violaine Coulon, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton‐Fenzi, Julius Garbe, Fabien Gillet‐Chaulet, Rupert Gladstone, Heiko Goelzer, Nicholas R. Golledge, Ralf Greve, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, Holly Kyeore Han, Trevor R. Hillebrand, Matthew J. Hoffman, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Ann Kristin Klose, Petra M. Langebroek, Gunter R. Leguy, William H. Lipscomb, Daniel P. Lowry, Pierre Mathiot, Marisa Montoya, Mathieu Morlighem, Sophie Nowicki, Frank Pattyn, Antony J. Payne, Tyler Pelle, Aurélien Quiquet, Alexander Robinson, Leopekka Saraste, Erika G. Simon, Sainan Sun, Jake P. Twarog, Luke D. Trusel, Benoit Urruty, Jonas Van Breedam, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Chen Zhao, and Thomas Zwinger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4069, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4069, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctica holds enough ice to raise sea levels by many meters, but its future is uncertain. Warm ocean water melts ice shelves from below, letting inland ice flow faster into the sea. By 2300, Antarctica could add 0.6–4.4 m to sea levels. Our study identifies two key factors—how strongly shelves melt and how the ice responds. These explain much of the range, and refining them in models may improve future predictions.
Lise Seland Graff, Jerry Tjiputra, Ada Gjermundsen, Andreas Born, Jens Boldingh Debernard, Heiko Goelzer, Yan-Chun He, Petra Margaretha Langebroek, Aleksi Nummelin, Dirk Olivié, Øyvind Seland, Trude Storelvmo, Mats Bentsen, Chuncheng Guo, Andrea Rosendahl, Dandan Tao, Thomas Toniazzo, Camille Li, Stephen Outten, and Michael Schulz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 1671–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1671-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1671-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The magnitude of future Arctic amplification is highly uncertain. Using the Norwegian Earth System Model, we explore the effect of improving the representation of clouds, ocean eddies, the Greenland ice sheet, sea ice, and ozone on the projected Arctic winter warming in a coordinated experiment set. These improvements all lead to enhanced projected Arctic warming, with the largest changes found in the sea ice retreat regions and the largest uncertainty found on the Atlantic side.
Larissa Nora van der Laan, Anouk Vlug, Adam A. Scaife, Fabien Maussion, and Kristian Förster
The Cryosphere, 19, 3879–3896, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3879-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3879-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Usually, glacier models are supplied with climate information from long (e.g., 100-year) simulations by global climate models. In this paper, we test the feasibility of supplying glacier models with shorter simulations to get more accurate information on 5–10-year timescales. Reliable information on these timescales is very important, especially for water management experts, to know how much meltwater to expect, affecting rivers, agriculture and drinking water.
Florian Sauerland, Pierre-Vincent Huot, Sylvain Marchi, Thierry Fichefet, Hugues Goosse, Konstanze Haubner, François Klein, François Massonnet, Bianca Mezzina, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Pablo Ortega, Frank Pattyn, Charles Pelletier, Deborah Verfaillie, Lars Zipf, and Nicole van Lipzig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2889, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2889, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We simulated the Antarctic climate from 1985 to 2014. Our model is driven using the ERA-5 reanalysis for one simulation and the EC-Earth global climate model for three others. Most of the simulated trends, such as sea ice extent and precipitation over land, have opposite signs for the two drivers, but agree between the three EC-Earth driven simulations. We conclude that these opposing trends must be due to the different drivers, and that the climate over land is less predictable than over sea.
Florentin Hofmeister, Xinyang Fan, Madlene Pfeiffer, Ben Marzeion, Bettina Schaefli, and Gabriele Chiogna
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3256, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3256, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use the WRF model for dynamically downscaling a global reanalysis product for the period 1850 to 2015 for the central European Alps. We demonstrate a workflow for transferring coarse-resolution (2 km) WRF temperature and precipitation to a much finer spatial resolution (25 m) of a physics-based hydrological model (WaSiM) and evaluate the results in a multi-data approach covering different simulation periods. Our results highlight the need for plausible and consistent elevation gradients.
Lorenz Hänchen, Emily Potter, Cornelia Klein, Pierluigi Calanca, Fabien Maussion, Wolfgang Gurgiser, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2727–2747, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2727-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2727-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In semi-arid regions, the timing and duration of the rainy season are crucial for agriculture. This study introduces a new framework for improving estimations of the onset and end of the rainy season by testing how well they fit local vegetation data. We improve the performance of existing methods and present a new one with higher performance. Our findings can help us to make informed decisions about water usage, and the framework can be applied to other regions as well.
Ricarda Winkelmann, Donovan P. Dennis, Jonathan F. Donges, Sina Loriani, Ann Kristin Klose, Jesse F. Abrams, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Torsten Albrecht, David Armstrong McKay, Sebastian Bathiany, Javier Blasco Navarro, Victor Brovkin, Eleanor Burke, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Reik V. Donner, Markus Drüke, Goran Georgievski, Heiko Goelzer, Anna B. Harper, Gabriele Hegerl, Marina Hirota, Aixue Hu, Laura C. Jackson, Colin Jones, Hyungjun Kim, Torben Koenigk, Peter Lawrence, Timothy M. Lenton, Hannah Liddy, José Licón-Saláiz, Maxence Menthon, Marisa Montoya, Jan Nitzbon, Sophie Nowicki, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Francesco Pausata, Stefan Rahmstorf, Karoline Ramin, Alexander Robinson, Johan Rockström, Anastasia Romanou, Boris Sakschewski, Christina Schädel, Steven Sherwood, Robin S. Smith, Norman J. Steinert, Didier Swingedouw, Matteo Willeit, Wilbert Weijer, Richard Wood, Klaus Wyser, and Shuting Yang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1899, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Tipping Points Modelling Intercomparison Project (TIPMIP) is an international collaborative effort to systematically assess tipping point risks in the Earth system using state-of-the-art coupled and stand-alone domain models. TIPMIP will provide a first global atlas of potential tipping dynamics, respective critical thresholds and key uncertainties, generating an important building block towards a comprehensive scientific basis for policy- and decision-making.
Torsten Kanzow, Angelika Humbert, Thomas Mölg, Mirko Scheinert, Matthias Braun, Hans Burchard, Francesca Doglioni, Philipp Hochreuther, Martin Horwath, Oliver Huhn, Maria Kappelsberger, Jürgen Kusche, Erik Loebel, Katrina Lutz, Ben Marzeion, Rebecca McPherson, Mahdi Mohammadi-Aragh, Marco Möller, Carolyne Pickler, Markus Reinert, Monika Rhein, Martin Rückamp, Janin Schaffer, Muhammad Shafeeque, Sophie Stolzenberger, Ralph Timmermann, Jenny Turton, Claudia Wekerle, and Ole Zeising
The Cryosphere, 19, 1789–1824, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1789-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1789-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ice Sheet represents the second-largest contributor to global sea-level rise. We quantify atmosphere, ice and ocean processes related to the mass balance of glaciers in northeast Greenland, focusing on Greenland’s largest floating ice tongue, the 79° N Glacier. We find that together, the different in situ and remote sensing observations and model simulations reveal a consistent picture of a coupled atmosphere–ice sheet–ocean system that has entered a phase of major change.
Finn Wimberly, Lizz Ultee, Lilian Schuster, Matthias Huss, David R. Rounce, Fabien Maussion, Sloan Coats, Jonathan Mackay, and Erik Holmgren
The Cryosphere, 19, 1491–1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1491-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1491-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier models have historically been used to understand glacier melt’s contribution to sea level rise. The capacity to project seasonal glacier runoff is a relatively recent development for these models. In this study we provide the first model intercomparison of runoff projections for the glacier evolution models capable of simulating future runoff globally. We compare model projections from 2000 to 2100 for all major river basins larger than 3000 km2 with over 30 km2 of initial glacier cover.
Lea Hartl, Patrick Schmitt, Lilian Schuster, Kay Helfricht, Jakob Abermann, and Fabien Maussion
The Cryosphere, 19, 1431–1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1431-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1431-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use regional observations of glacier area and volume change to inform glacier evolution modeling in the Ötztal and Stubai range (Austrian Alps) until 2100 in different climate scenarios. Glaciers in the region lost 23 % of their volume between 2006 and 2017. Under current warming trajectories, glacier loss in the region is expected to be near-total by 2075. We show that integrating regional calibration and validation data in glacier models is important to improve confidence in projections.
Charlotte Rahlves, Heiko Goelzer, Andreas Born, and Petra M. Langebroek
The Cryosphere, 19, 1205–1220, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1205-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1205-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet significantly contributes to rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities globally. To improve future sea-level projections, we simulated ice sheet behavior until 2100, initializing the model with observed geometry and using various climate models. Predictions indicate a sea-level rise of 32 to 228 mm by 2100, with climate model uncertainty being the main source of variability in projections.
Jan-Hendrik Malles, Ben Marzeion, and Paul G. Myers
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 347–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-347-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-347-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere (outside Greenland) are losing mass at roughly half the Greenland ice sheet's rate. Still, this is usually not included in the freshwater input data for ocean circulation models. Also, the submarine melt of glaciers (outside the ice sheets) has not been quantified yet. We tackle both issues by using a glacier model's output as additional fresh water for the ocean model and by using the ocean model's output to model submarine melt.
Michele Petrini, Meike D. W. Scherrenberg, Laura Muntjewerf, Miren Vizcaino, Raymond Sellevold, Gunter R. Leguy, William H. Lipscomb, and Heiko Goelzer
The Cryosphere, 19, 63–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-63-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-63-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic warming is causing accelerated Greenland ice sheet melt. Here, we use a computer model to understand how prolonged warming and ice melt could threaten ice sheet stability. We find a threshold beyond which Greenland will lose more than 80 % of its ice over several thousand years, due to the interaction of surface and solid-Earth processes. Nearly complete Greenland ice sheet melt occurs when the ice margin disconnects from a region of high elevation in western Greenland.
Eliot Jager, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Nicolas Champollion, Romain Millan, Heiko Goelzer, and Jérémie Mouginot
The Cryosphere, 18, 5519–5550, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5519-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5519-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Inspired by a previous intercomparison framework, our study better constrains uncertainties in glacier evolution using an innovative method to validate Bayesian calibration. Upernavik Isstrøm, one of Greenland's largest glaciers, has lost significant mass since 1985. By integrating observational data, climate models, human emissions, and internal model parameters, we project its evolution until 2100. We show that future human emissions are the main source of uncertainty in 2100, making up half.
Rodrigo Aguayo, Fabien Maussion, Lilian Schuster, Marius Schaefer, Alexis Caro, Patrick Schmitt, Jonathan Mackay, Lizz Ultee, Jorge Leon-Muñoz, and Mauricio Aguayo
The Cryosphere, 18, 5383–5406, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting how much water will come from glaciers in the future is a complex task, and there are many factors that make it uncertain. Using a glacier model, we explored 1920 scenarios for each glacier in the Patagonian Andes. We found that the choice of the historical climate data was the most important factor, while other factors such as different data sources, climate models and emission scenarios played a smaller role.
Harry Zekollari, Matthias Huss, Lilian Schuster, Fabien Maussion, David R. Rounce, Rodrigo Aguayo, Nicolas Champollion, Loris Compagno, Romain Hugonnet, Ben Marzeion, Seyedhamidreza Mojtabavi, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 18, 5045–5066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5045-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5045-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers are major contributors to sea-level rise and act as key water resources. Here, we model the global evolution of glaciers under the latest generation of climate scenarios. We show that the type of observations used for model calibration can strongly affect the projections at the local scale. Our newly projected 21st century global mass loss is higher than the current community estimate as reported in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report.
Bianca Mezzina, Hugues Goosse, François Klein, Antoine Barthélemy, and François Massonnet
The Cryosphere, 18, 3825–3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze years with extraordinarily low sea ice extent in Antarctica during summer, until the striking record in 2022. We highlight common aspects among these events, such as the fact that the exceptional melting usually occurs in two key regions and that it is related to winds with a similar direction. We also investigate whether the summer conditions are preceded by an unusual state of the sea ice during the previous winter, as well as the physical processes involved.
Sarah Hanus, Lilian Schuster, Peter Burek, Fabien Maussion, Yoshihide Wada, and Daniel Viviroli
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5123–5144, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a coupling of the large-scale glacier model OGGM and the hydrological model CWatM. Projected future increase in discharge is less strong while future decrease in discharge is stronger when glacier runoff is explicitly included in the large-scale hydrological model. This is because glacier runoff is projected to decrease in nearly all basins. We conclude that an improved glacier representation can prevent underestimating future discharge changes in large river basins.
Marin Kneib, Amaury Dehecq, Fanny Brun, Fatima Karbou, Laurane Charrier, Silvan Leinss, Patrick Wagnon, and Fabien Maussion
The Cryosphere, 18, 2809–2830, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Avalanches are important for the mass balance of mountain glaciers, but few data exist on where and when they occur and which glaciers they affect the most. We developed an approach to map avalanches over large glaciated areas and long periods of time using satellite radar data. The application of this method to various regions in the Alps and High Mountain Asia reveals the variability of avalanches on these glaciers and provides key data to better represent these processes in glacier models.
Hélène Seroussi, Vincent Verjans, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Peter Van Katwyk, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 17, 5197–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mass loss from Antarctica is a key contributor to sea level rise over the 21st century, and the associated uncertainty dominates sea level projections. We highlight here the Antarctic glaciers showing the largest changes and quantify the main sources of uncertainty in their future evolution using an ensemble of ice flow models. We show that on top of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, Totten and Moscow University glaciers show rapid changes and a strong sensitivity to warmer ocean conditions.
Jordi Bolibar, Facundo Sapienza, Fabien Maussion, Redouane Lguensat, Bert Wouters, and Fernando Pérez
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6671–6687, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new modelling framework combining numerical methods with machine learning. Using this approach, we focused on understanding how ice moves within glaciers, and we successfully learnt a prescribed law describing ice movement for 17 glaciers worldwide as a proof of concept. Our framework has the potential to discover important laws governing glacier processes, aiding our understanding of glacier physics and their contribution to water resources and sea-level rise.
Marie G. P. Cavitte, Hugues Goosse, Kenichi Matsuoka, Sarah Wauthy, Vikram Goel, Rahul Dey, Bhanu Pratap, Brice Van Liefferinge, Thamban Meloth, and Jean-Louis Tison
The Cryosphere, 17, 4779–4795, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The net accumulation of snow over Antarctica is key for assessing current and future sea-level rise. Ice cores record a noisy snowfall signal to verify model simulations. We find that ice core net snowfall is biased to lower values for ice rises and the Dome Fuji site (Antarctica), while the relative uncertainty in measuring snowfall increases rapidly with distance away from the ice core sites at the ice rises but not at Dome Fuji. Spatial variation in snowfall must therefore be considered.
Elizabeth R. Thomas, Diana O. Vladimirova, Dieter R. Tetzner, B. Daniel Emanuelsson, Nathan Chellman, Daniel A. Dixon, Hugues Goosse, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Amy C. F. King, Michael Sigl, Danielle G. Udy, Tessa R. Vance, Dominic A. Winski, V. Holly L. Winton, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Akira Hori, Chavarukonam M. Laluraj, Joseph R. McConnell, Yuko Motizuki, Kazuya Takahashi, Hideaki Motoyama, Yoichi Nakai, Franciéle Schwanck, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Filipe Gaudie Ley Lindau, Mirko Severi, Rita Traversi, Sarah Wauthy, Cunde Xiao, Jiao Yang, Ellen Mosely-Thompson, Tamara V. Khodzher, Ludmila P. Golobokova, and Alexey A. Ekaykin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2517–2532, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of sodium and sulfate measured in Antarctic ice cores is related to changes in both sea ice and winds. Here we have compiled a database of sodium and sulfate records from 105 ice core sites in Antarctica. The records span all, or part, of the past 2000 years. The records will improve our understanding of how winds and sea ice have changed in the past and how they have influenced the climate of Antarctica over the past 2000 years.
Koffi Worou, Thierry Fichefet, and Hugues Goosse
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 511–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-511-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-511-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic equatorial mode (AEM) of variability is partly responsible for the year-to-year rainfall variability over the Guinea coast. We used the current climate models to explore the present-day and future links between the AEM and the extreme rainfall indices over the Guinea coast. Under future global warming, the total variability of the extreme rainfall indices increases over the Guinea coast. However, the future impact of the AEM on extreme rainfall events decreases over the region.
Nathaelle Bouttes, Fanny Lhardy, Aurélien Quiquet, Didier Paillard, Hugues Goosse, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 19, 1027–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1027-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1027-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The last deglaciation is a period of large warming from 21 000 to 9000 years ago, concomitant with ice sheet melting. Here, we evaluate the impact of different ice sheet reconstructions and different processes linked to their changes. Changes in bathymetry and coastlines, although not often accounted for, cannot be neglected. Ice sheet melt results in freshwater into the ocean with large effects on ocean circulation, but the timing cannot explain the observed abrupt climate changes.
Andrew P. Schurer, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Hugues Goosse, Massimo A. Bollasina, Matthew H. England, Michael J. Mineter, Doug M. Smith, and Simon F. B. Tett
Clim. Past, 19, 943–957, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We adopt an existing data assimilation technique to constrain a model simulation to follow three important modes of variability, the North Atlantic Oscillation, El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode. How it compares to the observed climate is evaluated, with improvements over simulations without data assimilation found over many regions, particularly the tropics, the North Atlantic and Europe, and discrepancies with global cooling following volcanic eruptions are reconciled.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Hugues Goosse, Sofia Allende Contador, Cecilia M. Bitz, Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Clare Eayrs, Thierry Fichefet, Kenza Himmich, Pierre-Vincent Huot, François Klein, Sylvain Marchi, François Massonnet, Bianca Mezzina, Charles Pelletier, Lettie Roach, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Nicole P. M. van Lipzig
The Cryosphere, 17, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using idealized sensitivity experiments with a regional atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model, we show that sea ice advance is constrained by initial conditions in March and the retreat season is influenced by the magnitude of several physical processes, in particular by the ice–albedo feedback and ice transport. Atmospheric feedbacks amplify the response of the winter ice extent to perturbations, while some negative feedbacks related to heat conduction fluxes act on the ice volume.
Pepijn Bakker, Hugues Goosse, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 18, 2523–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Natural climate variability plays an important role in the discussion of past and future climate change. Here we study centennial temperature variability and the role of large-scale ocean circulation variability using different climate models, geological reconstructions and temperature observations. Unfortunately, uncertainties in models and geological reconstructions are such that more research is needed before we can describe the characteristics of natural centennial temperature variability.
Guillian Van Achter, Thierry Fichefet, Hugues Goosse, and Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro
The Cryosphere, 16, 4745–4761, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4745-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4745-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the changes in ocean–ice interactions in the Totten Glacier area between the last decades (1995–2014) and the end of the 21st century (2081–2100) under warmer climate conditions. By the end of the 21st century, the sea ice is strongly reduced, and the ocean circulation close to the coast is accelerated. Our research highlights the importance of including representations of fast ice to simulate realistic ice shelf melt rate increase in East Antarctica under warming conditions.
Jeremy Rohmer, Remi Thieblemont, Goneri Le Cozannet, Heiko Goelzer, and Gael Durand
The Cryosphere, 16, 4637–4657, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4637-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4637-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the interpretability of process-based projections of the sea-level contribution from land ice components, we apply the machine-learning-based
SHapley Additive exPlanationsapproach to a subset of a multi-model ensemble study for the Greenland ice sheet. This allows us to quantify the influence of particular modelling decisions (related to numerical implementation, initial conditions, or parametrisation of ice-sheet processes) directly in terms of sea-level change contribution.
Jeanne Rezsöhazy, Quentin Dalaiden, François Klein, Hugues Goosse, and Joël Guiot
Clim. Past, 18, 2093–2115, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2093-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2093-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using statistical tree-growth proxy system models in the data assimilation framework may have limitations. In this study, we successfully incorporate the process-based dendroclimatic model MAIDEN into a data assimilation procedure to robustly compare the outputs of an Earth system model with tree-ring width observations. Important steps are made to demonstrate that using MAIDEN as a proxy system model is a promising way to improve large-scale climate reconstructions with data assimilation.
Constantijn J. Berends, Heiko Goelzer, Thomas J. Reerink, Lennert B. Stap, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5667–5688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The rate at which marine ice sheets such as the West Antarctic ice sheet will retreat in a warming climate and ocean is still uncertain. Numerical ice-sheet models, which solve the physical equations that describe the way glaciers and ice sheets deform and flow, have been substantially improved in recent years. Here we present the results of several years of work on IMAU-ICE, an ice-sheet model of intermediate complexity, which can be used to study ice sheets of both the past and the future.
Nicolas Ghilain, Stéphane Vannitsem, Quentin Dalaiden, Hugues Goosse, Lesley De Cruz, and Wenguang Wei
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1901–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1901-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1901-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling the climate at high resolution is crucial to represent the snowfall accumulation over the complex orography of the Antarctic coast. While ice cores provide a view constrained spatially but over centuries, climate models can give insight into its spatial distribution, either at high resolution over a short period or vice versa. We downscaled snowfall accumulation from climate model historical simulations (1850–present day) over Dronning Maud Land at 5.5 km using a statistical method.
Lorenz Hänchen, Cornelia Klein, Fabien Maussion, Wolfgang Gurgiser, Pierluigi Calanca, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 595–611, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To date, farmers' perceptions of hydrological changes do not match analysis of meteorological data. In contrast to rainfall data, we find greening of vegetation, indicating increased water availability in the past decades. The start of the season is highly variable, making farmers' perceptions comprehensible. We show that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation has complex effects on vegetation seasonality but does not drive the greening we observe. Improved onset forecasts could help local farmers.
Martin Horwath, Benjamin D. Gutknecht, Anny Cazenave, Hindumathi Kulaiappan Palanisamy, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Frank Paul, Raymond Le Bris, Anna E. Hogg, Inès Otosaka, Andrew Shepherd, Petra Döll, Denise Cáceres, Hannes Müller Schmied, Johnny A. Johannessen, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Roshin P. Raj, René Forsberg, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Valentina R. Barletta, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Per Knudsen, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Heidi Ranndal, Stine K. Rose, Christopher J. Merchant, Claire R. Macintosh, Karina von Schuckmann, Kristin Novotny, Andreas Groh, Marco Restano, and Jérôme Benveniste
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 411–447, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Global mean sea-level change observed from 1993 to 2016 (mean rate of 3.05 mm yr−1) matches the combined effect of changes in water density (thermal expansion) and ocean mass. Ocean-mass change has been assessed through the contributions from glaciers, ice sheets, and land water storage or directly from satellite data since 2003. Our budget assessments of linear trends and monthly anomalies utilise new datasets and uncertainty characterisations developed within ESA's Climate Change Initiative.
Koffi Worou, Hugues Goosse, Thierry Fichefet, and Fred Kucharski
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 231–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-231-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-231-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the Guinea Coast, the increased rainfall associated with warm phases of the Atlantic Niño is reasonably well simulated by 24 climate models out of 31, for the present-day conditions. In a warmer climate, general circulation models project a gradual decrease with time of the rainfall magnitude associated with the Atlantic Niño for the 2015–2039, 2040–2069 and 2070–2099 periods. There is a higher confidence in these changes over the equatorial Atlantic than over the Guinea Coast.
Charles Pelletier, Thierry Fichefet, Hugues Goosse, Konstanze Haubner, Samuel Helsen, Pierre-Vincent Huot, Christoph Kittel, François Klein, Sébastien Le clec'h, Nicole P. M. van Lipzig, Sylvain Marchi, François Massonnet, Pierre Mathiot, Ehsan Moravveji, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Pablo Ortega, Frank Pattyn, Niels Souverijns, Guillian Van Achter, Sam Vanden Broucke, Alexander Vanhulle, Deborah Verfaillie, and Lars Zipf
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 553–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present PARASO, a circumpolar model for simulating the Antarctic climate. PARASO features five distinct models, each covering different Earth system subcomponents (ice sheet, atmosphere, land, sea ice, ocean). In this technical article, we describe how this tool has been developed, with a focus on the
coupling interfacesrepresenting the feedbacks between the distinct models used for contribution. PARASO is stable and ready to use but is still characterized by significant biases.
Ben Marzeion
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1057–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1057-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1057-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans are typically darker than land surfaces. Expanding oceans through sea-level rise may thus lead to a darker planet Earth, reflecting less sunlight. The additionally absorbed sunlight may heat planet Earth, leading to further sea-level rise. Here, we provide a rough estimate of the strength of this feedback: it turns out to be very weak, but clearly positive, thereby destabilizing the Earth system.
Jan-Hendrik Malles and Ben Marzeion
The Cryosphere, 15, 3135–3157, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To better estimate the uncertainty in glacier mass change modeling during the 20th century we ran an established model with an ensemble of meteorological data sets. We find that the total ensemble uncertainty, especially in the early 20th century, when glaciological and meteorological observations at glacier locations were sparse, increases considerably compared to individual ensemble runs. This stems from regions with a lot of ice mass but few observations (e.g., Greenland periphery).
Constantijn J. Berends, Heiko Goelzer, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2443–2470, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2443-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2443-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The largest uncertainty in projections of sea-level rise comes from ice-sheet retreat. To better understand how these ice sheets respond to the changing climate, ice-sheet models are used, which must be able to reproduce both their present and past evolution. We have created a model that is fast enough to simulate an ice sheet at a high resolution over the course of an entire 120 000-year glacial cycle. This allows us to study processes that cannot be captured by lower-resolution models.
Gerard H. Roe, John Erich Christian, and Ben Marzeion
The Cryosphere, 15, 1889–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The worldwide retreat of mountain glaciers and consequent loss of ice mass is one of the most obvious signs of a changing climate and has significant implications for the hydrology and natural hazards in mountain landscapes. Consistent with our understanding of the human role in temperature change, we demonstrate that the central estimate of the size of the human-caused mass loss is essentially 100 % of the observed loss. This assessment resolves some important inconsistencies in the literature.
Cited articles
Braconnot, P., Harison, S. P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Abe-Ouchi, A., Jungclaus,
A., and Peterschmitt J.-Y.: The Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project
contribution to CMIP5, CLIVAR Exchanges, 56, 15–19, https://www.clivar.org/sites/default/files/documents/Exchanges56.pdf (last access: 9 October 2022),
2011.
Braconnot, P., Harrison, S. P., Kageyama, M., Bartlein, P. J.,
Masson-Delmotte, V., Abe-Ouchi, A., Otto-Bliesner, B., and Zhao, Y.:
Evaluation of climate models using paleoclimatic data, Nat. Clim.
Change, 2, 417–424, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1456, 2012.
Bretherton, C. C.: Computational Methods for data analysis, AM582 notes, chap. 11, 1–2,
https://atmos.uw.edu/~breth/classes/AM582/ (last access: 18 September 2022), 2014.
Bueler, E. and Brown, J.: Shallow shelf approximation as a “sliding law”
in a thermomechanically coupled ice sheet model, J. Geophys. Res., 114,
F03008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001179, 2009.
Church, J. A. and White, N. J.: Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the
early 21st century, Surv. Geophys., 32, 585–602, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1, 2011.
Church, J. A., White, N. J., Konikow, L. F., Domingues, C. M., Cogley, J. G.,
Rignot, E., Gregory, J. M., Van den Broeke, M. R., Monoghas, A., and Velicogna,
I.: Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L18601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794, 2011.
Church, J. A., Clark, P. U., Cazenave, A., Gregory, J. M., Jevrejeva, S.,
Levermann, A., Merrifield, M. A., Milne, G. A., Nerem, R. S., Nunn, P. D., Payne,
A. J., Pfeffer, W. T., Stammer, D., and Unnikrishnan, A. S.: Sea-level change, in: Climate Change 2013:
The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by:
Stocker, T. F., Qin, D. D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung,
J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M.,
Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324, 2013.
de Boer, B., Stocchi, P., and van de Wal, R. S. W.: A fully coupled 3-D ice-sheet–sea-level model: algorithm and applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2141–2156, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2141-2014, 2014.
Farinotti, D., Huss, M., Fürst, J. J., Landmann, J., Machguth, H.,
Maussion, F., and Pandit, A.: A consensus estimate for the ice thickness
distribution of all glaciers on Earth, Nat. Geosci., 12, 168–173,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0300-3, 2019.
Frederikse, T., Landerer, F., Caron, L., Adhikari, S., Parkes, D., Humphrey,
V. W., Dangendorf, S., Hogarth, P., Zanna, L., Cheng, L., and Wu, Y.: The
causes of sea-level rise since 1900, Nature, 584, 393–397,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2591-3, 2020.
Frieler, K., Clark, P., He, F., Buizert, C., Reese, R., Ligtenberg, S. R. M.,
van den Broeke, M. R., Winkelmann, R., and Levermann, A.: Consistent evidence
of increasing Antarctic accumulation with warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 5,
348–352, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2574, 2015.
Gangadharan, N.: Process-based Estimate of Global-mean Sea-level Changes in the Common Era, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7082320, 2022.
Garcia, H. E., Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V.,
Grodsky, A., Paver, C. R., Weathers, K. W., Smolyar, I. V., Reagan, J. R.,
Seidov, D., and Zweng, M. M.: World Ocean Atlas 2018: Product Documentation,
Mishonov, A., Technical Editor, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/woa/WOA18/DOC/woa18documentation.pdf (last access: 9 October 2022),
2019.
Gebbie, G.,
and Huybers, P.: The Little Ice Age and twentieth Century deep
Pacific cooling, Science, 363, 70–74, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar8413, 2019.
Gleckler, P. J., AchutaRao, K., Gregory, J. M., Santer, B. D., Taylor, K. E.,
and Wigley, T. M. L.: Krakatoa lives: The effect of volcanic eruptions on
ocean heat content and thermal expansion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17702,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026771, 2006.
Goelzer, H., Nowicki, S., Edwards, T., Beckley, M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Aschwanden, A., Calov, R., Gagliardini, O., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Golledge, N. R., Gregory, J., Greve, R., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Kennedy, J. H., Larour, E., Lipscomb, W. H., Le clec'h, S., Lee, V., Morlighem, M., Pattyn, F., Payne, A. J., Rodehacke, C., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Schlegel, N., Seroussi, H., Shepherd, A., Sun, S., van de Wal, R., and Ziemen, F. A.: Design and results of the ice sheet model initialisation experiments initMIP-Greenland: an ISMIP6 intercomparison, The Cryosphere, 12, 1433–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1433-2018, 2018.
Goelzer, H., Nowicki, S., Payne, A., Larour, E., Seroussi, H., Lipscomb, W. H., Gregory, J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Agosta, C., Alexander, P., Aschwanden, A., Barthel, A., Calov, R., Chambers, C., Choi, Y., Cuzzone, J., Dumas, C., Edwards, T., Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Golledge, N. R., Greve, R., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Le clec'h, S., Lee, V., Leguy, G., Little, C., Lowry, D. P., Morlighem, M., Nias, I., Quiquet, A., Rückamp, M., Schlegel, N.-J., Slater, D. A., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Tarasov, L., van de Wal, R., and van den Broeke, M.: The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6, The Cryosphere, 14, 3071–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020, 2020.
Goosse, H., Brovkin, V., Fichefet, T., Haarsma, R., Huybrechts, P., Jongma, J., Mouchet, A., Selten, F., Barriat, P.-Y., Campin, J.-M., Deleersnijder, E., Driesschaert, E., Goelzer, H., Janssens, I., Loutre, M.-F., Morales Maqueda, M. A., Opsteegh, T., Mathieu, P.-P., Munhoven, G., Pettersson, E. J., Renssen, H., Roche, D. M., Schaeffer, M., Tartinville, B., Timmermann, A., and Weber, S. L.: Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 603–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-603-2010, 2010.
Gregory, J. M., Lowe, J. A., and Tett, S. F. B.: Simulated global-mean sea-level
changes over the last half-millennium, J. Climate, 19, 4576–4591,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3881.1, 2006.
Gregory, J. M., Griffies, S. M., Hughes, C. W., Lowe, J. A., Church, J. A.,
Fukimori, I., Gomez, N., Kopp, R. E., Landerer, F., Le Cozannet, G., Ponte,
R. M., Stammer, D., Tamisiea, M. E., and van de Wal, R. S. W.: Concepts and
Terminology for Sea Level: Mean, Variability and Change, Both Local and
Global, Surv. Geophys., 40, 1251–1289, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09525-z, 2019.
Grinsted, A., Moore, J. C., and Jevrejeva, S.: Reconstructing sea level from
paleo and projected temperatures 200 to 2100 AD, Clim. Dynam., 34, 461–472,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0507-2, 2010.
Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P., and Lister, D.: Version 4 of the CRU
TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset, Sci. Data,
7, 109, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0453-3, 2020.
Hay, C., Morrow, E., Kopp, R. E., and Mitrovica, J. X.: Probabilistic
reanalysis of twentieth-century sea-level rise, Nature, 517, 481e484,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14093, 2015.
Helama, S., Jones, P. D., and Briffa, K. R.: Dark Ages Cold Period: a
literature review and directions for future research, Holocene, 27,
1600–1606, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617693898, 2017.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz, S.J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons,
A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati,
G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M.,
Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P.,
Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.: The ERA5 global
reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146,
1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hugonnet, R., McNabb, R., Berthier, E., Menounos, B., Nuth, C., Girod, L.,
Farinotti, D., Huss, M., Dussaillant, I., Brun, F., and Kääb, A.:
Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century,
Nature, 592, 726–731, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z, 2021.
Humphrey, V. and Gudmundsson, L.: GRACE-REC: a reconstruction of climate-driven water storage changes over the last century, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1153–1170, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1153-2019, 2019.
Huybrechts, P. and de Wolde, J.: The dynamic response of the Greenland and
Antarctic ice sheets to multiple-century climatic warming, J. Climate, 12,
2169–2188, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2169:TDROTG>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
IOC, SCOR and IAPSO: The international thermodynamic equation of
seawater-2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides No. 56, UNESCO (English), 196 pp., https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000188170 (last access: 9 October 2022), 2010.
Ishii, M., Fukuda, Y., Hirahara, S., Yasui, S., Suzuki, T., and Sato, K.:
Accuracy of global upper ocean heat content estimation expected from present
observational data sets, SOLA, 13, 163–167, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2017-030, 2017.
Jackett, D. R. and Mcdougall, T. J.: Minimal Adjustment of Hydrographic
Profiles to Achieve Static Stability, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Tech., 12, 381–389, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<0381:MAOHPT>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Jenkins, A.: Ice shelf basal melting: Implications of a simple mathematical
model, FRISP Rep., 5, 32–36, http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/520003 (last access: 9 October 2022), 1991.
Jevrejeva, S., Grinsted, A., and Moore, J. C.: Anthropogenic forcing
dominates sea level rise since 1850, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L20706,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040216, 2009.
Kemp, A. C., Horton, B., Donnelly, J. P., Mann, M. E., Vermeer, M., and Rahmstorf,
S.: Climate related sea level variations over the past two millennia, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 11017–11022, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015619108, 2011.
Kemp, A. C., Wright, A. J., Edwards, R. J., Barnett, R. L., Brain, M. J., Kopp,
R. E., Cahill, N., Horton, B. P., Charman, D. J., Hawkes, A. D., Hill, T. D., and
van de Plassche, O.: Relative sea-level change in Newfoundland, Canada
during the past ∼3000 years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 201, 89–110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.10.012, 2018.
Kjeldsen, K., Korsgaard, N., Bjørk, A., Khan, S. A., Box, J. E., Funder,
S., Larsen, N. K., Bamber, J. L., Colgan, W., van den Broeke, M., Andersen,
M. L. S., Nuth, C., Schomacker, A., Andresen, C. S., Willerslev, E., and
Kjær, K. H.: Spatial and temporal distribution of mass loss from the
Greenland Ice Sheet since AD 1900, Nature, 528, 396–400, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16183, 2015.
Kobashi, T., Kawamura, K., Severinghaus, J. P., Barnola, J.-M., Nakaegawa, T.,
Vinther, B. M., Johnsen, S. J., and Box, J. E.: High variability of Greenland
surface temperature over the past 4000 years estimated from trapped air in
an ice core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049444, 2011.
Kopp, R. E., Kemp, A. C., Bitterman, K., Horton, B. P., Donnelly, J. P.,
Gehrels, W. R., Hay, C., Mitrovica, J. X., Morrow, E., and Rahmstorf, S.:
Temperature-driven global sea-level variability in the Common Era, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 1434–1441, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517056113, 2016.
Lambeck, K., Rouby, H., Purcell, A., Sun, Y., and Sambridge, M.: Sea Level
and global ice volumes from the last glacial maximum to the Holocene, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 15296e15303, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411762111,
2014.
Lazeroms, W. M. J., Jenkins, A., Gudmundsson, G. H., and van de Wal, R. S. W.: Modelling present-day basal melt rates for Antarctic ice shelves using a parametrization of buoyant meltwater plumes, The Cryosphere, 12, 49–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-49-2018, 2018.
Leclercq, P. W., Oerlemans, J., and Cogley, J. G.: Estimating the Glacier
Contribution to Sea-Level Rise for the Period 1800–2005, Surv. Geophys., 32,
519, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9121-7, 2011.
Leuliette, E. W. and Miller, L.: Closing the sea level rise budget with
altimetry, Argo, and GRACE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04608,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036010, 2009.
Levermann, A., Winkelmann, R., Albrecht, T., Goelzer, H., Golledge, N. R., Greve, R., Huybrechts, P., Jordan, J., Leguy, G., Martin, D., Morlighem, M., Pattyn, F., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Rodehacke, C., Seroussi, H., Sutter, J., Zhang, T., Van Breedam, J., Calov, R., DeConto, R., Dumas, C., Garbe, J., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Kleiner, T., Lipscomb, W. H., Meinshausen, M., Ng, E., Nowicki, S. M. J., Perego, M., Price, S. F., Saito, F., Schlegel, N.-J., Sun, S., and van de Wal, R. S. W.: Projecting Antarctica's contribution to future sea level rise from basal ice shelf melt using linear response functions of 16 ice sheet models (LARMIP-2), Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 35–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-35-2020, 2020.
Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Garcia, H. E.,
Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Reagan, J. R., Seidov, D., Yarosh, E. S., and
Zweng, M. M.: World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change
(0–2000 m), 1955–2010, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051106, 2012.
Lowe, J. A. and Gregory, J. M.: Understanding projections of sea level rise
in a Hadley Centre coupled climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C11014,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003421, 2006.
Malles, J.-H. and Marzeion, B.: Twentieth century global glacier mass change: an ensemble-based model reconstruction, The Cryosphere, 15, 3135–3157, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3135-2021, 2021.
Marzeion, B., Jarosch, A. H., and Hofer, M.: Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers, The Cryosphere, 6, 1295–1322, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1295-2012, 2012.
Marzeion, B., Leclercq, P. W., Cogley, J. G., and Jarosch, A. H.: Brief Communication: Global reconstructions of glacier mass change during the 20th century are consistent, The Cryosphere, 9, 2399–2404, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2399-2015, 2015.
Maussion, F., Butenko, A., Champollion, N., Dusch, M., Eis, J., Fourteau, K., Gregor, P., Jarosch, A. H., Landmann, J., Oesterle, F., Recinos, B., Rothenpieler, T., Vlug, A., Wild, C. T., and Marzeion, B.: The Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) v1.1, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 909–931, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-909-2019, 2019.
Maussion, F., TimoRoth, Dusch, M., Recinos, B., Vlug, A., Marzeion, B.,
Oberrauch, M., Champollion, N., Landmann, J., Eis, J., Jarosch, A., Rounce,
D., Li, F., Schuster, L., Castellani, M., Bartholomew, S. L., Merrill, C.,
Loibl, D., Ultee, L., Smith, S., anton-ub, Gregor, P., and sarah-hanus:
OGGM/oggm: v1.4.0, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546676, 2021.
McGregor, H., Evans, M., Goosse, H., Leduc, G., Martrat, B., Addison, J. A.,
Graham Mortyn, P., Oppo, D. W., Seidenkrantz, M., Sicre, M., Phipps, S. J.,
Selvaraj, K., Thirumalai, K., Filipsson, H. L., and Ersek, V.: Robust global
ocean cooling trend for the pre-industrial Common Era, Nat.
Geosci., 8, 671–677, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2510,
2015.
Medley, B. and Thomas, E. R.: Increased snowfall over the Antarctic Ice
Sheet mitigated twentieth-century sea-level rise, Nat. Clim. Change, 9,
34–39, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0356-x, 2019.
Meyssignac, B., Boyer, T., Zhao, Z., Hakuba, M. Z., Landerer, F. W., Stammer,
D., Köhl, A., Kato, S., L'Ecuyer, T., Ablain, M., Abraham, J. P.,
Blazquez, A., Cazenave, A., Church, J. A., Cowley, R., Cheng, L., Domingues,
C. M., Giglio, D., Gouretski, V., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. C., Killick, R. E.,
Legler, D., Llovel, W., Lyman, J., Palmer, M. D., Piotrowicz, S., Purkey,
S. G., Roemmich, D., Roca, R., Savita, A., Schuckmann, K., Speich, S.,
Stephens, G., Wang, G., Wijffels, S. E., and Zilberman, N.: Measuring Global
Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance, Front. Mar. Sci.,
6, 432, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00432,
2019.
Moore, J. C., Grinsted, A., Zwinger, T., and Jevrejeva, S.: Semi-empirical
and process-based global sea level projections, Rev. Geophys., 51, 484–522,
https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20015, 2013.
Neukom, R., Barboza, L. A., Erb, M. P., Shi, F., Emile-Geay, J., Evans, M. N., Franke, J., Kaufman, D. S., Lücke, L., Rehfeld, K., Schurer, A., Zhu, F., Brönnimann, S., Hakim, G. H., Henley, B. J., Ljungqvist, F. S., McKay, N., Valler, V., and von Gunten, L.: Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era, Nat. Geosci., 12, 643–649, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0, 2019a.
Neukom, R., Steiger, N., Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Wang, J., Werner J. P.: No evidence for globally coherent
warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era, Nature, 571, 550–554,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1401-2, 2019b.
Ocaña, V., Zorita, E., and Heimbach, P.: Stochastic secular trends in sea
level rise, J. Geophys Res, 121, 2183–2202,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011301, 2016.
Oerlemans, J.: A projection of future sea level, Clim. Change, 15, 151–174,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138850, 1989.
Ortega, P., Montoya, M., González-Rouco, F., Beltrami, H., and Swingedouw, D.: Variability of the ocean heat content during the last millennium – an assessment with the ECHO-g Model, Clim. Past, 9, 547–565, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-547-2013, 2013.
Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Brady, E. C., Fasullo, J., Jahn, A., Landrum, L.,
Stevenson, S., Rosenbloom, N., Mai, A., and Strand, G.: Climate variability
and change since 850 CE: An ensemble approach with the Community Earth
System Model, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97,
735–754, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00233.1, 2016.
PAGES2k Consortium.: A global multiproxy database for temperature
reconstructions of the Common Era, Sci. Data, 4, 170088,
https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.88, 2017.
Palmer, M. D., Gregory, J. M., Bagge, M., Calvert, D., Hagedoorn, J. M.,
Howard, T., Klemann, V., Lowe, J. A., Roberts, C. D., Slangen, A. B. A., and
Spada, G.: Exploring the drivers of global and local sea-level change over
the 21st century and beyond, Earth's Future, 8, e2019EF001413, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001413, 2020.
Parkes, D. and Goosse, H.: Modelling regional glacier length changes over the last millennium using the Open Global Glacier Model, The Cryosphere, 14, 3135–3153, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3135-2020, 2020.
Parkes, D. and Marzeion, B.: Twentieth-century contribution to sea-level
rise from uncharted glaciers, Nature, 563, 551–554, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0687-9, 2018.
Payne, A. J., Holland, P. R., Shepherd, A. P., Rutt, I. C., Jenkins, A., and
Joughin, I.: Numerical modeling of ocean-ice interactions under Pine Island
Bay's ice shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003733, 2007.
Pfeffer, W., Arendt, A., Bliss, A., Bolch, T., Cogley, J. G., Gardner, A. S.,
Hagen, J., Hock, R., Kaser, G., Kienholz, C., Miles, E. S., Moholdt, G.,
Mölg, N., Paul, F., Radić, V., Rastner, P., Raup, B. H., Rich, J.,
Sharp, M. J., and The Randolph Consortium: The Randolph Glacier Inventory: A
globally complete inventory of glaciers, J. Glaciol., 60,
537–552, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J176, 2014.
Pollard, D. and DeConto, R. M.: A simple inverse method for the distribution of basal sliding coefficients under ice sheets, applied to Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 6, 953–971, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-953-2012, 2012.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: Ice flow of the Antarctic ice
sheet, Science, 333, 1427–1430, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208336, 2011.
Schoof, C.: Marine ice-sheet dynamics. Part 1. The case of rapid sliding,
J. Fluid Mech., 573, 27–55,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112006003570, 2007.
Seroussi, H., Nowicki, S., Simon, E., Abe-Ouchi, A., Albrecht, T., Brondex, J., Cornford, S., Dumas, C., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Goelzer, H., Golledge, N. R., Gregory, J. M., Greve, R., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Kleiner, T., Larour, E., Leguy, G., Lipscomb, W. H., Lowry, D., Mengel, M., Morlighem, M., Pattyn, F., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S. F., Quiquet, A., Reerink, T. J., Reese, R., Rodehacke, C. B., Schlegel, N.-J., Shepherd, A., Sun, S., Sutter, J., Van Breedam, J., van de Wal, R. S. W., Winkelmann, R., and Zhang, T.: initMIP-Antarctica: an ice sheet model initialization experiment of ISMIP6, The Cryosphere, 13, 1441–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1441-2019, 2019.
Seroussi, H., Nowicki, S., Payne, A. J., Goelzer, H., Lipscomb, W. H., Abe-Ouchi, A., Agosta, C., Albrecht, T., Asay-Davis, X., Barthel, A., Calov, R., Cullather, R., Dumas, C., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Gladstone, R., Golledge, N. R., Gregory, J. M., Greve, R., Hattermann, T., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Jourdain, N. C., Kleiner, T., Larour, E., Leguy, G. R., Lowry, D. P., Little, C. M., Morlighem, M., Pattyn, F., Pelle, T., Price, S. F., Quiquet, A., Reese, R., Schlegel, N.-J., Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Sun, S., Trusel, L. D., Van Breedam, J., van de Wal, R. S. W., Winkelmann, R., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., and Zwinger, T.: ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the 21st century, The Cryosphere, 14, 3033–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, 2020.
Shepherd, A., Ivins, E. R., A. G., Barletta, V. R., Bentley, M. J.,
Bettadpur, S., Briggs, K. H., Bromwich, D. H., Forsberg, R., Galin, N.,
Horwath, M., Jacobs, S., Joughin, I., King, M. A., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Li,
J., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Luckman, A., Luthcke, S. B., McMillan, M.,
Meister, R., Milne, G., Mouginot, J., Muir, A., Nicolas, J. P., Paden, J.,
Payne, A. J., Pritchard, H., Rignot, E., Rott, H., Sørensen, L. S.,
Scambos, T. A., Scheuchl, B., Schrama, E. J. O., Smith, B., Sundal, A. V.,
van Angelen, J. H., van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M. R., Vaughan, D.
G., Velicogna, I., Wahr, J., Whitehouse, P. L., Wingham, D. J., Yi, D.,
Young, D., and Zwally, H. J.: A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass
balance, Science, 338, 1183–1189, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228102,
2012.
Shi, F., Lu, H., Guo, Z., Yin, Q., Wu, H., Xu, C., Zhang, E., Shi, J.,
Cheng, J., Xiao, X., and Zhao, C.: The position of the Current Warm Period
in the context of the past 22,000 years of summer climate in China, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091940, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091940, 2021.
Sigl, M., Winstrup, M., McConnell, J., Welten, K. C., Plunkett, G., Ludlow,
F., Büntgen, U., Caffee, M., Chellman, N., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H.,
Kipfstuhl, S., Kostick, C., Maselli, O. J., Mekhaldi, F., Mulvaney, R.,
Muscheler, R., Pasteris, D. R., Pilcher, J. R., Salzer, M., Schüpbach, S.,
Steffensen, J. P, Vinther, B. M., and Woodruff, T. E.: Timing and climate
forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years, Nature, 523,
543–549, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14565, 2015.
Slangen, A., Church, J., Agosta, C., Fettweis, X., Marzeion, B., and
Richter, K.: Anthropogenic forcing dominates global mean sea-level rise
since 1970, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 701–705, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2991, 2016.
Stenni, B., Curran, M. A. J., Abram, N. J., Orsi, A., Goursaud, S., Masson-Delmotte, V., Neukom, R., Goosse, H., Divine, D., van Ommen, T., Steig, E. J., Dixon, D. A., Thomas, E. R., Bertler, N. A. N., Isaksson, E., Ekaykin, A., Werner, M., and Frezzotti, M.: Antarctic climate variability on regional and continental scales over the last 2000 years, Clim. Past, 13, 1609–1634, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1609-2017, 2017.
Sun, S., Pattyn, F., Simon, E. G. Albrecht, T., Cornford, S., Calov, R.,
Dumas, C., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Goelzer, H., Golledge, N. R., Greve, R.,
Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Kazmierczak, E., Kleiner, T., Leguy, G.R.,
Lipscomb, W. H., Martin, D., Morlighem, M., Nowicki, S., Pollard, D., Price,
S., Quiquet, A., Seroussi, H., Schlemm, T., Sutter, J., van de Wal, R.S.W.,
Winkelmann, R., and Zhang, T.: Antarctic ice sheet response to sudden and
sustained ice shelf collapse (ABUMIP), J. Glaciol., 66, 891–904, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.67, 2020.
Tardif, R., Hakim, G. J., Perkins, W. A., Horlick, K. A., Erb, M. P., Emile-Geay, J., Anderson, D. M., Steig, E. J., and Noone, D.: Last Millennium Reanalysis with an expanded proxy database and seasonal proxy modeling, Clim. Past, 15, 1251–1273, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1251-2019, 2019.
Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J., and Meehl, G. A.: An Overview of CMIP5 and the
Experiment Design, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93,
485–498, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1, 2012.
von Schuckmann, K., Palmer, M.D., Trenberth, K.E., Cazenave, A., Chambers,
D., Champollion, N., Hansen, J., Josey, S.A., Loeb, N., Mathieu, P-P.,
Meyssignac, B., and Wild, M.: An imperative to monitor Earth's energy
imbalance, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 138–144, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2876, 2016.
Walker, J. S., Kopp, R. E., Shaw, T. A., Cahill, N., Khan, N. S., Barber, D. C.,
Ashe, E. L., Brain, M. J., Clear, J. L., Corbett, D. R., and Horton, B. P.:
Common Era sea-level budgets along the US Atlantic coast, Nat. Commun., 12,
1841, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22079-2, 2021.
Walker, J. S., Kopp, R. E., Little, C. M., and Horton, B. P.: Timing of emergence
of modern rates of sea- level rise by 1863, Nat. Commun., 13, 966,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28564-6, 2022.
WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group: Global sea-level budget 1993–present, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1551–1590, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018, 2018.
WGMS: Fluctuations of Glaciers Database, World Glacier Monitoring Service,
Zurich [data set], Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.5904/wgms-fog-2021-05, 2021.
Zanna, L., Khatiwala, S., Gregory, J. M., Ison, J., and Heimbach, P.: Global
reconstruction of historical ocean heat storage and transport, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 1126–1131, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808838115, 2019.
Short summary
We describe the contributions of ocean thermal expansion and land-ice melting (ice sheets and glaciers) to global-mean sea-level (GMSL) changes in the Common Era. The mass contributions are the major sources of GMSL changes in the pre-industrial Common Era and glaciers are the largest contributor. The paper also describes the current state of climate modelling, uncertainties and knowledge gaps along with the potential implications of the past variabilities in the contemporary sea-level rise.
We describe the contributions of ocean thermal expansion and land-ice melting (ice sheets and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint