Groundwater depletion is among the most pressing global environmental challenges today, with a recent UN report warning of an "era of global water bankruptcy.” This study sheds light on how groundwater resources are likely to evolve through to 2100 under different climate and socioeconomic scenarios at hyper‑resolution (~1 km). All model simulations are openly accessible to support research and decision‑making in regions where observational data are limited.

The ocean component of the Earth System response to anthropogenic land cover change has previously received little attention. This paper demonstrates its potential importance, both for scientific understanding and for policies considering reforestation to mitigate climate change.

This paper is a very timely contribution that can be expected to be of broad interest to the Earth System Modelling and Integrated Assessment Modelling community. It deals with the topic of how to accurately assess the Earth system responses to Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods. It proposes approaches to create a no-CDR baseline against which the Earth system effects of activity-driven CDR can be evaluated, as well as a framework to quantify the direct effect of CDR on atmospheric carbon dioxide as well as the resulting feedbacks. Such a framework is essential for assessing the efficiency of activity-driven CDR in emissions-driven simulations, such as those proposed for CMIP7.