We investigate the impacts of anthropogenic water regulation on riverine DOC transport by the developed model. The results suggested that DOC transport in most rivers was mainly influenced by reservoir interception and surface water withdrawal. The impact of human water regulation on riverine DOC exports grew year by year. In general, this study developed an effective scheme to simulate DOC exports from terrestrial to aquatic systems, which is important for estimating global carbon budgets.

Carbon fluxes from agroecosystems change the carbon cycle and the amount of CO₂ in the air. Using the Integrated Science Assessment Model (ISAM), we looked at the carbon cycle in areas where spring wheat is grown. The results showed that fluxes vary a lot between regions, mostly because planting times are different. According to our investigation into which variables have the greatest impact on the carbon cycle, nitrogen fertilizers added to crops have the greatest impact on carbon uptake.

The temporal changes and spatial patterns in precipitation events do not show a homogeneous tendency across the Sinai Peninsula. Mediterranean cyclones accompanied by the Red Sea and Persian troughs are responsible for the majority of Sinai's extreme rainfall events. Cyclone tracking captures 156 cyclones (rainfall ≥10 mm d^-1) either formed within or transferred to the Mediterranean basin precipitating over Sinai.

Weather persistence on sub-seasonal to seasonal timescales has been a topic of research since the early days of meteorology. Stationary or recurrent behavior are common features of weather dynamics and are strongly related to fundamental physical processes, weather predictability and surface weather impacts. In this review, we propose a typology for the broad concepts related to persistence and discuss various methods that have been used to characterize persistence in weather data.

Apparent temperatures and PM_2.5 pollution depend on humidity and wind speed in addition to surface temperature and impact human health and comfort. Apparent temperatures will reach dangerous levels more commonly in the future because of water vapor pressure rises and lower expected wind speeds, but these will also drive changes in PM_2.5. Solar geoengineering can significantly reduce the frequency of extreme events relative to modest and especially business-as-usual greenhouse scenarios.

This study utilizes a reduced-complexity model, Framework for Evaluating Damages and Impacts (FrEDI), to assess the impacts from climate change in the United States across 10 000 future probabilistic emission and socioeconomic projections. Climate-driven damages are largest for the health category, with the majority of damages in this category coming from the valuation estimates of premature mortality attributable to climate-driven changes in extreme temperature and air quality scenarios.

Savannas account for over half of global landscape fire emissions. Although environmental and fuel conditions affect the ratio of species the fire emits, these dynamics have not been implemented in global models. We measured CO₂, CO, CH₄, and N₂O emission factors (EFs), fuel parameters, and fire severity proxies during 129 individual fires. We identified EF patterns and trained models to estimate EFs of these species based on satellite observations, reducing the estimation error by 60–85 %.

The Benguela Upwelling System hosts highly productive marine ecosystems, supporting the livelihood of the local inhabitants. Regional distribution of nutrients in this system is affected by upwelling, primarily wind-driven and related to the South Atlantic Anticyclone, which is believed to intensify in the future. We found that this system's southern and northern parts respond to the anticyclone changes differently. Due to climate variability, the uncertainty in the upwelling trend is high.

Adapting to climate change requires an understanding of how extreme weather events are changing. We propose a new approach to examine how the consequences of a particular weather pattern have been made worse by climate change, using an example of a severe windstorm that occurred in 1903. When this storm is translated into a warmer world, it produces higher wind speeds and increased rainfall, suggesting that this storm would be more damaging if it occurred today rather than 120 years ago.

This study investigates the temporal stability and reliability of winter-month trends of air–sea heat fluxes from ERA5 forecasts over the North Atlantic basin for the period 1950–2019. Driving forces of trends and the impact of modes of climate variability and analysis increments on air–sea heat fluxes are investigated. Finally, a new and independent estimate of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakening is provided and associated with a decrease in air–sea heat fluxes.