Articles | Volume 12, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-919-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-919-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Sep 2021
Research article |
| 13 Sep 2021
| 13 Sep 2021
Exploring how groundwater buffers the influence of heatwaves on vegetation function during multi-year droughts
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Climate Change
Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
Martin G. De Kauwe
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Climate Change
Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
Anna M. Ukkola
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Climate Change
Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
Andy J. Pitman
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Climate Change
Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
Weidong Guo
School of Atmospheric Sciences and Joint International Research
Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, China
Sanaa Hobeichi
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Climate Change
Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
Peter R. Briggs
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra 2601,
ACT, Australia
Related authors
Shanlei Sun, Zaoying Bi, Jingfeng Xiao, Yi Liu, Ge Sun, Weimin Ju, Chunwei Liu, Mengyuan Mu, Jinjian Li, Yang Zhou, Xiaoyuan Li, Yibo Liu, and Haishan Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4849–4876, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4849-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4849-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on various existing datasets, we comprehensively considered spatiotemporal differences in land surfaces and CO2 effects on plant stomatal resistance to parameterize the Shuttleworth–Wallace model, and we generated a global 5 km ensemble mean monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) dataset (including potential transpiration PT and soil evaporation PE) during 1982–2015. The new dataset may be used by academic communities and various agencies to conduct various studies.
Mengyuan Mu, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Teresa E. Gimeno, Belinda E. Medlyn, Dani Or, Jinyan Yang, and David S. Ellsworth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 447–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface model (LSM) is a critical tool to study land responses to droughts and heatwaves, but lacking comprehensive observations limited past model evaluations. Here we use a novel dataset at a water-limited site, evaluate a typical LSM with a range of competing model hypotheses widely used in LSMs and identify marked uncertainty due to the differing process assumptions. We show the extensive observations constrain model processes and allow better simulated land responses to these extremes.
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Le Wang, Xin Miao, Xinyun Hu, Yizhuo Li, Bo Qiu, Jun Ge, and Weidong Guo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3431, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3431, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow phenology is a crucial indicator for assessing seasonal changes in snow. In this work, we find that snow phenology is significantly impacted by datasets and methods used, and current methods often overlook the spatial and temporal variability in snow across the Northern Hemisphere. To address this, we develop a dynamic threshold method, which contributes to better representing the seasonal changes of snow cover across the Northern Hemisphere, especially on the Tibetan Plateau.
Anjana Devanand, Jason Evans, Andy Pitman, Sujan Pal, David Gochis, and Kevin Sampson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3148, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3148, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Including lateral flow increases evapotranspiration near major river channels in high-resolution land surface simulations in southeast Australia, consistent with observations. The 1-km resolution model shows a widespread pattern of dry ridges that does not exist at coarser resolutions. Our results have implications for improved simulations of droughts and future water availability.
Lingfei Wang, Gab Abramowitz, Ying-Ping Wang, Andy Pitman, and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
SOIL, 10, 619–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effective management of soil organic carbon (SOC) requires accurate knowledge of its distribution and factors influencing its dynamics. We identify the importance of variables in spatial SOC variation and estimate SOC stocks in Australia using various models. We find there are significant disparities in SOC estimates when different models are used, highlighting the need for a critical re-evaluation of land management strategies that rely on the SOC distribution derived from a single approach.
Zheng Xiang, Yongkang Xue, Weidong Guo, Melannie D. Hartman, Ye Liu, and William J. Parton
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6437–6464, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A process-based plant carbon (C)–nitrogen (N) interface coupling framework has been developed which mainly focuses on plant resistance and N-limitation effects on photosynthesis, plant respiration, and plant phenology. A dynamic C / N ratio is introduced to represent plant resistance and self-adjustment. The framework has been implemented in a coupled biophysical-ecosystem–biogeochemical model, and testing results show a general improvement in simulating plant properties with this framework.
Anna M. Ukkola, Steven Thomas, Elisabeth Vogel, Ulrike Bende-Michl, Steven Siems, Vjekoslav Matic, and Wendy Sharples
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.31223/X56110, https://doi.org/10.31223/X56110, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Future drought changes in Australia –the driest inhabited continent on Earth– have remained stubbornly uncertain. We assess future drought changes in Australia using projections from climate and hydrological models. We show an increasing probability of drought over highly-populated and agricultural regions of Australia in coming decades, suggesting potential impacts on agricultural activities, ecosystems and urban water supply.
Georgina M. Falster, Nicky M. Wright, Nerilie J. Abram, Anna M. Ukkola, and Benjamin J. Henley
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1383–1401, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-year droughts have severe environmental and economic impacts, but the instrumental record is too short to characterise multi-year drought variability. We assessed the nature of Australian multi-year droughts using simulations of the past millennium from 11 climate models. We show that multi-decadal
megadroughtsare a natural feature of the Australian hydroclimate. Human-caused climate change is also driving a tendency towards longer droughts in eastern and southwestern Australia.
Shanlei Sun, Zaoying Bi, Jingfeng Xiao, Yi Liu, Ge Sun, Weimin Ju, Chunwei Liu, Mengyuan Mu, Jinjian Li, Yang Zhou, Xiaoyuan Li, Yibo Liu, and Haishan Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4849–4876, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4849-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4849-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on various existing datasets, we comprehensively considered spatiotemporal differences in land surfaces and CO2 effects on plant stomatal resistance to parameterize the Shuttleworth–Wallace model, and we generated a global 5 km ensemble mean monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) dataset (including potential transpiration PT and soil evaporation PE) during 1982–2015. The new dataset may be used by academic communities and various agencies to conduct various studies.
Matthew J. McGrath, Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Philippe Peylin, Robbie M. Andrew, Bradley Matthews, Frank Dentener, Juraj Balkovič, Vladislav Bastrikov, Meike Becker, Gregoire Broquet, Philippe Ciais, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Giacomo Grassi, Ian Harris, Matthew Jones, Jürgen Knauer, Matthias Kuhnert, Guillaume Monteil, Saqr Munassar, Paul I. Palmer, Glen P. Peters, Chunjing Qiu, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Oksana Tarasova, Matteo Vizzarri, Karina Winkler, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Antoine Berchet, Peter Briggs, Patrick Brockmann, Frédéric Chevallier, Giulia Conchedda, Monica Crippa, Stijn N. C. Dellaert, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, Sara Filipek, Pierre Friedlingstein, Richard Fuchs, Michael Gauss, Christoph Gerbig, Diego Guizzardi, Dirk Günther, Richard A. Houghton, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Ronny Lauerwald, Bas Lerink, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Géraud Moulas, Marilena Muntean, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Aurélie Paquirissamy, Lucia Perugini, Wouter Peters, Roberto Pilli, Julia Pongratz, Pierre Regnier, Marko Scholze, Yusuf Serengil, Pete Smith, Efisio Solazzo, Rona L. Thompson, Francesco N. Tubiello, Timo Vesala, and Sophia Walther
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4295–4370, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4295-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate estimation of fluxes of carbon dioxide from the land surface is essential for understanding future impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the climate system. A wide variety of methods currently exist to estimate these sources and sinks. We are continuing work to develop annual comparisons of these diverse methods in order to clarify what they all actually calculate and to resolve apparent disagreement, in addition to highlighting opportunities for increased understanding.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, Andrew J. Pitman, Anna M. Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Bastien François, and Benjamin Smith
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 549–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Studies analyzing the impact of the future climate on ecosystems employ climate projections simulated by global circulation models. These climate projections display biases that translate into significant uncertainty in projections of the future carbon cycle. Here, we test different methods to constrain the uncertainty in simulations of the carbon cycle over Australia. We find that all methods reduce the bias in the steady-state carbon variables but that temporal properties do not improve.
Yuan Zhang, Devaraju Narayanappa, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, Daniel Goll, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin G. De Kauwe, Laurent Li, and Fabienne Maignan
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 9111–9125, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There are a few studies to examine if current models correctly represented the complex processes of transpiration. Here, we use a coefficient Ω, which indicates if transpiration is mainly controlled by vegetation processes or by turbulence, to evaluate the ORCHIDEE model. We found a good performance of ORCHIDEE, but due to compensation of biases in different processes, we also identified how different factors control Ω and where the model is wrong. Our method is generic to evaluate other models.
Keirnan Fowler, Murray Peel, Margarita Saft, Tim J. Peterson, Andrew Western, Lawrence Band, Cuan Petheram, Sandra Dharmadi, Kim Seong Tan, Lu Zhang, Patrick Lane, Anthony Kiem, Lucy Marshall, Anne Griebel, Belinda E. Medlyn, Dongryeol Ryu, Giancarlo Bonotto, Conrad Wasko, Anna Ukkola, Clare Stephens, Andrew Frost, Hansini Gardiya Weligamage, Patricia Saco, Hongxing Zheng, Francis Chiew, Edoardo Daly, Glen Walker, R. Willem Vervoort, Justin Hughes, Luca Trotter, Brad Neal, Ian Cartwright, and Rory Nathan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6073–6120, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, we have seen multi-year droughts tending to cause shifts in the relationship between rainfall and streamflow. In shifted catchments that have not recovered, an average rainfall year produces less streamflow today than it did pre-drought. We take a multi-disciplinary approach to understand why these shifts occur, focusing on Australia's over-10-year Millennium Drought. We evaluate multiple hypotheses against evidence, with particular focus on the key role of groundwater processes.
Zheng Xiang, Yongkang Xue, Weidong Guo, Melannie D. Hartman, Ye Liu, and William J. Parton
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1111, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
A process-based plant Carbon (C)-Nitrogen (N) interface coupling framework has been developed, which mainly focuses on the plant resistance and N limitation effects on photosynthesis, plant respiration, and plant phenology. A dynamic C / N ratio is introduced to represent plant resistance and self-adjustment. The framework has been implemented in a coupled biophysical-ecosystem-biogeochemical model and testing results show a general improvement in simulating plant properties with this framework.
Jon Cranko Page, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, Jamie Cleverly, Nina Hinko-Najera, Mark J. Hovenden, Yao Liu, Andy J. Pitman, and Kiona Ogle
Biogeosciences, 19, 1913–1932, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1913-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1913-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Although vegetation responds to climate at a wide range of timescales, models of the land carbon sink often ignore responses that do not occur instantly. In this study, we explore the timescales at which Australian ecosystems respond to climate. We identified that carbon and water fluxes can be modelled more accurately if we include environmental drivers from up to a year in the past. The importance of antecedent conditions is related to ecosystem aridity but is also influenced by other factors.
Anna M. Ukkola, Gab Abramowitz, and Martin G. De Kauwe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 449–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Flux towers provide measurements of water, energy, and carbon fluxes. Flux tower data are invaluable in improving and evaluating land models but are not suited to modelling applications as published. Here we present flux tower data tailored for land modelling, encompassing 170 sites globally. Our dataset resolves several key limitations hindering the use of flux tower data in land modelling, including incomplete forcing variable, data format, and low data quality.
Sami W. Rifai, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Lucas A. Cernusak, Patrick Meir, Belinda E. Medlyn, and Andy J. Pitman
Biogeosciences, 19, 491–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Australia's woody ecosystems have experienced widespread greening despite a warming climate and repeated record-breaking droughts and heat waves. Increasing atmospheric CO2 increases plant water use efficiency, yet quantifying the CO2 effect is complicated due to co-occurring effects of global change. Here we harmonized a 38-year satellite record to separate the effects of climate change, land use change, and disturbance to quantify the CO2 fertilization effect on the greening phenomenon.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Etsushi Kato, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Anthony P. Walker, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 18, 5639–5668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Australian continent is included in global assessments of the carbon cycle such as the global carbon budget, yet the performance of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) over Australia has rarely been evaluated. We assessed simulations by an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models over Australia and highlighted a number of key areas that lead to model divergence on both short (inter-annual) and long (decadal) timescales.
Xiaolu Ling, Ying Huang, Weidong Guo, Yixin Wang, Chaorong Chen, Bo Qiu, Jun Ge, Kai Qin, Yong Xue, and Jian Peng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4209–4229, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4209-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4209-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture (SM) plays a critical role in the water and energy cycles of the Earth system, for which a long-term SM product with high quality is urgently needed. In situ observations are generally treated as the true value to systematically evaluate five SM products, including one remote sensing product and four reanalysis data sets during 1981–2013. This long-term intercomparison study provides clues for SM product enhancement and further hydrological applications.
Yongkang Xue, Tandong Yao, Aaron A. Boone, Ismaila Diallo, Ye Liu, Xubin Zeng, William K. M. Lau, Shiori Sugimoto, Qi Tang, Xiaoduo Pan, Peter J. van Oevelen, Daniel Klocke, Myung-Seo Koo, Tomonori Sato, Zhaohui Lin, Yuhei Takaya, Constantin Ardilouze, Stefano Materia, Subodh K. Saha, Retish Senan, Tetsu Nakamura, Hailan Wang, Jing Yang, Hongliang Zhang, Mei Zhao, Xin-Zhong Liang, J. David Neelin, Frederic Vitart, Xin Li, Ping Zhao, Chunxiang Shi, Weidong Guo, Jianping Tang, Miao Yu, Yun Qian, Samuel S. P. Shen, Yang Zhang, Kun Yang, Ruby Leung, Yuan Qiu, Daniele Peano, Xin Qi, Yanling Zhan, Michael A. Brunke, Sin Chan Chou, Michael Ek, Tianyi Fan, Hong Guan, Hai Lin, Shunlin Liang, Helin Wei, Shaocheng Xie, Haoran Xu, Weiping Li, Xueli Shi, Paulo Nobre, Yan Pan, Yi Qin, Jeff Dozier, Craig R. Ferguson, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Qing Bao, Jinming Feng, Jinkyu Hong, Songyou Hong, Huilin Huang, Duoying Ji, Zhenming Ji, Shichang Kang, Yanluan Lin, Weiguang Liu, Ryan Muncaster, Patricia de Rosnay, Hiroshi G. Takahashi, Guiling Wang, Shuyu Wang, Weicai Wang, Xu Zhou, and Yuejian Zhu
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4465–4494, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The subseasonal prediction of extreme hydroclimate events such as droughts/floods has remained stubbornly low for years. This paper presents a new international initiative which, for the first time, introduces spring land surface temperature anomalies over high mountains to improve precipitation prediction through remote effects of land–atmosphere interactions. More than 40 institutions worldwide are participating in this effort. The experimental protocol and preliminary results are presented.
Sanaa Hobeichi, Gab Abramowitz, and Jason P. Evans
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3855–3874, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) links the water, energy and carbon cycle on land. Reliable ET estimates are key to understand droughts and flooding. We develop a new ET dataset, DOLCE V3, by merging multiple global ET datasets, and we show that it matches ET observations better and hence is more reliable than its parent datasets. Next, we use DOLCE V3 to examine recent changes in ET and find that ET has increased over most of the land, decreased in some regions, and has not changed in some other regions
Anna B. Harper, Karina E. Williams, Patrick C. McGuire, Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, Debbie Hemming, Anne Verhoef, Chris Huntingford, Lucy Rowland, Toby Marthews, Cleiton Breder Eller, Camilla Mathison, Rodolfo L. B. Nobrega, Nicola Gedney, Pier Luigi Vidale, Fred Otu-Larbi, Divya Pandey, Sebastien Garrigues, Azin Wright, Darren Slevin, Martin G. De Kauwe, Eleanor Blyth, Jonas Ardö, Andrew Black, Damien Bonal, Nina Buchmann, Benoit Burban, Kathrin Fuchs, Agnès de Grandcourt, Ivan Mammarella, Lutz Merbold, Leonardo Montagnani, Yann Nouvellon, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3269–3294, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated 10 representations of soil moisture stress in the JULES land surface model against site observations of GPP and latent heat flux. Increasing the soil depth and plant access to deep soil moisture improved many aspects of the simulations, and we recommend these settings in future work using JULES. In addition, using soil matric potential presents the opportunity to include parameters specific to plant functional type to further improve modeled fluxes.
Meng-Zhuo Zhang, Zhongfeng Xu, Ying Han, and Weidong Guo
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3079–3094, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3079-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3079-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Multivariable Integrated Evaluation Tool (MVIETool) is a simple-to-use and straightforward tool designed for evaluation and intercomparison of climate models in terms of vector fields or multiple fields. The tool incorporates some new improvements in vector field evaluation (VFE) and multivariable integrated evaluation (MVIE) methods, which are introduced in this paper.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 18, 2181–2203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) describes changes in the sea surface temperature patterns of the Pacific Ocean. This influences the global weather, impacting vegetation on land. There are two types of El Niño: central Pacific (CP) and eastern Pacific (EP). In this study, we explored the long-term impacts on the carbon balance on land linked to the two El Niño types. Using a dynamic vegetation model, we simulated what would happen if only either CP or EP El Niño events had occurred.
Mengyuan Mu, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Teresa E. Gimeno, Belinda E. Medlyn, Dani Or, Jinyan Yang, and David S. Ellsworth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 447–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface model (LSM) is a critical tool to study land responses to droughts and heatwaves, but lacking comprehensive observations limited past model evaluations. Here we use a novel dataset at a water-limited site, evaluate a typical LSM with a range of competing model hypotheses widely used in LSMs and identify marked uncertainty due to the differing process assumptions. We show the extensive observations constrain model processes and allow better simulated land responses to these extremes.
Wenkai Li, Shuzhen Hu, Pang-Chi Hsu, Weidong Guo, and Jiangfeng Wei
The Cryosphere, 14, 3565–3579, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3565-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3565-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the forecasting skills of the subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) model on Tibetan Plateau snow cover (TPSC) is the first step to applying the S2S model to hydrological forecasts over the Tibetan Plateau. This study conducted a multimodel comparison of the TPSC prediction skill to learn about their performance in capturing TPSC variability. S2S models can skillfully forecast TPSC within a lead time of 2 weeks but show limited skill beyond 3 weeks. Systematic biases of TPSC were found.
Jun Ge, Andrew J. Pitman, Weidong Guo, Beilei Zan, and Congbin Fu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 515–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-515-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-515-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of revegetation on the hydrology of the Loess Plateau based on high-resolution simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. We find that past revegetation has caused decreased runoff and soil moisture with increased evapotranspiration as well as little response from rainfall. WRF suggests that further revegetation could aggravate this water imbalance. We caution that further revegetation might be unsustainable in this region.
Jinyan Yang, Belinda E. Medlyn, Martin G. De Kauwe, Remko A. Duursma, Mingkai Jiang, Dushan Kumarathunge, Kristine Y. Crous, Teresa E. Gimeno, Agnieszka Wujeska-Klause, and David S. Ellsworth
Biogeosciences, 17, 265–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-265-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-265-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study addressed a major knowledge gap in the response of forest productivity to elevated CO2. We first quantified forest productivity of an evergreen forest under both ambient and elevated CO2, using a model constrained by in situ measurements. The simulation showed the canopy productivity response to elevated CO2 to be smaller than that at the leaf scale due to different limiting processes. This finding provides a key reference for the understanding of CO2 impacts on forest ecosystems.
Xiao-Lu Ling, Cong-Bin Fu, Zong-Liang Yang, and Wei-Dong Guo
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3119–3133, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3119-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3119-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Observation and simulation can provide the temporal and spatial variation of vegetation characteristics, while they are not satisfactory for understanding the mechanism of the exchange between ecosystems and atmosphere. Data assimilation (DA) can combine the observation and models via mathematical statistical analysis. Results show that the ensemble adjust Kalman filter (EAKF) is the optimal algorithm. In addition, models perform better when the DA accepts a higher proportion of observations.
Mingkai Jiang, Sönke Zaehle, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anthony P. Walker, Silvia Caldararu, David S. Ellsworth, and Belinda E. Medlyn
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2069–2089, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2069-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2069-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Here we used a simple analytical framework developed by Comins and McMurtrie (1993) to investigate how different model assumptions affected plant responses to elevated CO2. This framework is useful in revealing both the consequences and the mechanisms through which different assumptions affect predictions. We therefore recommend the use of this framework to analyze the likely outcomes of new assumptions before introducing them to complex model structures.
Sophie V. J. van der Horst, Andrew J. Pitman, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna Ukkola, Gab Abramowitz, and Peter Isaac
Biogeosciences, 16, 1829–1844, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1829-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1829-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of surface fluxes are taken around the world and are extremely valuable for understanding how the land and atmopshere interact, and how the land can amplify temerature extremes. However, do these measurements sample extreme temperatures, or are they biased to the average? We examine this question and highlight data that do measure surface fluxes under extreme conditions. This provides a way forward to help model developers improve their models.
Martin G. De Kauwe, Belinda E. Medlyn, Andrew J. Pitman, John E. Drake, Anna Ukkola, Anne Griebel, Elise Pendall, Suzanne Prober, and Michael Roderick
Biogeosciences, 16, 903–916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-903-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-903-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Recent experimental evidence suggests that during heat extremes, trees may reduce photosynthesis to near zero but increase transpiration. Using eddy covariance data and examining the 3 days leading up to a temperature extreme, we found evidence of reduced photosynthesis and sustained or increased latent heat fluxes at Australian wooded flux sites. However, when focusing on heatwaves, we were unable to disentangle photosynthetic decoupling from the effect of increasing vapour pressure deficit.
Anthony P. Walker, Ming Ye, Dan Lu, Martin G. De Kauwe, Lianhong Gu, Belinda E. Medlyn, Alistair Rogers, and Shawn P. Serbin
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3159–3185, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3159-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3159-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Large uncertainty is inherent in model predictions due to imperfect knowledge of how to describe the processes that a model is intended to represent. Yet methods to quantify and evaluate this model hypothesis uncertainty are limited. To address this, the multi-assumption architecture and testbed (MAAT) automates the generation of all possible models by combining multiple representations of multiple processes. MAAT provides a formal framework for quantification of model hypothesis uncertainty.
Vanessa Haverd, Benjamin Smith, Lars Nieradzik, Peter R. Briggs, William Woodgate, Cathy M. Trudinger, Josep G. Canadell, and Matthias Cuntz
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2995–3026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2995-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2995-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
CABLE is a terrestrial biosphere model that can be applied stand-alone and provides for land surface–atmosphere exchange within a climate model. We extend CABLE for regional and global carbon–climate simulations, accounting for land use and land cover change mediated by tree demography. A novel algorithm to simulate the coordination of rate-limiting photosynthetic processes is also implemented. Simulations satisfy multiple observational constraints on the global land carbon cycle.
Ned Haughton, Gab Abramowitz, Martin G. De Kauwe, and Andy J. Pitman
Biogeosciences, 15, 4495–4513, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4495-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4495-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This project explores predictability in energy, water, and carbon fluxes in the free-use Tier 1 of the FLUXNET 2015 dataset using a uniqueness metric based on comparison of locally and globally trained models. While there is broad spread in predictability between sites, we found strikingly few strong patterns. Nevertheless, these results can contribute to the standardisation of site selection for land surface model evaluation and help pinpoint regions that are ripe for further FLUXNET research.
Kashif Mahmud, Belinda E. Medlyn, Remko A. Duursma, Courtney Campany, and Martin G. De Kauwe
Biogeosciences, 15, 4003–4018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4003-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4003-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A major limitation of current terrestrial vegetation models is that we do not know how to model C balance processes under sink-limited conditions. To address this limitation, we applied data assimilation of a simple C balance model to a manipulative experiment in which sink limitation was induced with low rooting volume. Our analysis framework allowed us to infer that, in addition to a feedback on photosynthetic rates, the reduction in growth was effected by other C balance processes.
Donghai Wu, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Alan K. Knapp, Kevin Wilcox, Michael Bahn, Melinda D. Smith, Sara Vicca, Simone Fatichi, Jakob Zscheischler, Yue He, Xiangyi Li, Akihiko Ito, Almut Arneth, Anna Harper, Anna Ukkola, Athanasios Paschalis, Benjamin Poulter, Changhui Peng, Daniel Ricciuto, David Reinthaler, Guangsheng Chen, Hanqin Tian, Hélène Genet, Jiafu Mao, Johannes Ingrisch, Julia E. S. M. Nabel, Julia Pongratz, Lena R. Boysen, Markus Kautz, Michael Schmitt, Patrick Meir, Qiuan Zhu, Roland Hasibeder, Sebastian Sippel, Shree R. S. Dangal, Stephen Sitch, Xiaoying Shi, Yingping Wang, Yiqi Luo, Yongwen Liu, and Shilong Piao
Biogeosciences, 15, 3421–3437, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3421-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3421-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our results indicate that most ecosystem models do not capture the observed asymmetric responses under normal precipitation conditions, suggesting an overestimate of the drought effects and/or underestimate of the watering impacts on primary productivity, which may be the result of inadequate representation of key eco-hydrological processes. Collaboration between modelers and site investigators needs to be strengthened to improve the specific processes in ecosystem models in following studies.
Sanaa Hobeichi, Gab Abramowitz, Jason Evans, and Anna Ukkola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1317–1336, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1317-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new global ET dataset and associated uncertainty with monthly temporal resolution for 2000–2009 and 0.5 grid cell size. Six existing gridded ET products are combined using a weighting approach trained by observational datasets from 159 FLUXNET sites. We confirm that point-based estimates of flux towers provide information at the grid scale of these products. We also show that the weighted product performs better than 10 different existing global ET datasets in a range of metrics.
Ned Haughton, Gab Abramowitz, and Andy J. Pitman
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 195–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-195-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-195-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies indicate that fluxes of heat, water, and carbon between the land surface and atmosphere are substantially more predictable than the performance of the current crop of land surface models would indicate. This study uses simple empirical models to estimate the amount of useful information in meteorological forcings that is available for predicting land surface fluxes. These models can be used as benchmarks for land surface models and may help identify areas ripe for improvement.
Martin G. De Kauwe, Belinda E. Medlyn, Jürgen Knauer, and Christopher A. Williams
Biogeosciences, 14, 4435–4453, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4435-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4435-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the sensitivity of transpiration to stomatal conductance is critical to simulating the water cycle. This sensitivity is a function of the degree of coupling between the vegetation and the atmosphere. We combined an extensive literature summary with estimates of coupling derived from FLUXNET data. We found notable departures from the values previously reported. These data form a model benchmarking metric to test existing coupling assumptions.
Richard Wartenburger, Martin Hirschi, Markus G. Donat, Peter Greve, Andy J. Pitman, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3609–3634, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This article analyses regional changes in climate extremes as a function of projected changes in global mean temperature. We introduce the DROUGHT-HEAT Regional Climate Atlas, an interactive tool to analyse and display a range of well-established climate extremes and water-cycle indices and their changes as a function of global warming. Readers are encouraged to use the online tool for visualization of specific indices of interest, e.g. to assess their response to 1.5 or 2 °C global warming.
Anna M. Ukkola, Ned Haughton, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, and Andy J. Pitman
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3379–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3379-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3379-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Flux towers measure energy, carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes. These data have become essential for evaluating land surface models (LSMs) – key tools for projecting future climate change. However, these data as released are not immediately usable with LSMs and must be post-processed to change units, screened for missing data and gap-filling. We present an open-source R package that transforms flux tower measurements into a format directly usable by LSMs.
Xueqian Wang, Weidong Guo, Bo Qiu, Ye Liu, Jianning Sun, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4989–4996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4989-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4989-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Land use or cover change is a fundamental anthropogenic forcing for climate change. Based on field observations, we quantified the contributions of different factors to surface temperature change and deepened the understanding of its mechanisms. We found evaporative cooling plays the most important role in the temperature change, while radiative forcing, which is traditionally emphasized, is not significant. This study provided firsthand evidence to verify the model results in IPCC AR5.
Zhongfeng Xu, Zhaolu Hou, Ying Han, and Weidong Guo
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4365–4380, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4365-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4365-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper devises a new diagram called the vector field evaluation (VFE) diagram. The VFE diagram is a generalized Taylor diagram and is able to provide a concise evaluation of model performance in simulating vector fields (e.g., vector winds) in terms of three statistical variables. The VFE diagram can be applied to the evaluation of full vector fields or anomaly fields as needed. Some potential applications of the VFE diagram in model evaluation are also presented in the paper.
Xin Huang, Aijun Ding, Lixia Liu, Qiang Liu, Ke Ding, Xiaorui Niu, Wei Nie, Zheng Xu, Xuguang Chi, Minghuai Wang, Jianning Sun, Weidong Guo, and Congbin Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10063–10082, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10063-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10063-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a comprehensive modelling work to understand the impact of biomass burning on synoptic weather during agricultural burning season in East China. We demonstrated that the numerical model with fire emission, chemical processes, and aerosol–meteorology online coupled could reproduce the change of air temperature and precipitation induced by air pollution during this event. This study highlights the importance of including human activities in numerical-model-based weather forecast.
Weidong Guo, Xueqian Wang, Jianning Sun, Aijun Ding, and Jun Zou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9875–9890, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9875-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9875-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Basic characteristics of land–atmosphere interactions at four neighboring sites with different underlying surfaces in southern China, a typical monsoon region, are analyzed systematically. Despite the same climate background, the differences in land surface characteristics like albedo and aerodynamic roughness length due to land use/cover change exert distinct influences on the surface radiative budget and energy allocation and result in differences of near-surface micrometeorological elements.
Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Mark Decker, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, Jatin Kala, and Ying-Ping Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2403-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2403-2016, 2016
M. G. De Kauwe, S.-X. Zhou, B. E. Medlyn, A. J. Pitman, Y.-P. Wang, R. A. Duursma, and I. C. Prentice
Biogeosciences, 12, 7503–7518, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7503-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7503-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Future climate change has the potential to increase drought in many regions of the globe. Recent data syntheses show that drought sensitivity varies considerably among plants from different climate zones, but state-of-the-art models currently assume the same drought sensitivity for all vegetation. Our results indicate that models will over-estimate drought impacts in drier climates unless different sensitivity of vegetation to drought is taken into account.
J. Kala, M. G. De Kauwe, A. J. Pitman, R. Lorenz, B. E. Medlyn, Y.-P Wang, Y.-S Lin, and G. Abramowitz
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3877–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3877-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3877-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We implement a new stomatal conductance scheme within a land surface model coupled to a global climate model. The new model differs from the default in that it allows model parameters to vary by the different plant functional types, derived from global synthesis of observations. We show that the new scheme results in improvements in the model climatology and improves existing biases in warm temperature extremes by up to 10-20% over the boreal forests during summer.
M. Decker, A. Pitman, and J. Evans
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3433–3447, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3433-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3433-2015, 2015
M. G. De Kauwe, J. Kala, Y.-S. Lin, A. J. Pitman, B. E. Medlyn, R. A. Duursma, G. Abramowitz, Y.-P. Wang, and D. G. Miralles
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 431–452, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-431-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-431-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Stomatal conductance affects the fluxes of carbon, energy and water between the vegetated land surface and the atmosphere. We test an implementation of an optimal stomatal conductance model within the CABLE land surface model (LSM). The new implementation resulted in a large reduction in the annual fluxes of transpiration across evergreen needleleaf, tundra and C4 grass regions. We conclude that optimisation theory can yield a tractable approach to predicting stomatal conductance in LSMs.
J.-F. Exbrayat, A. J. Pitman, and G. Abramowitz
Biogeosciences, 11, 6999–7008, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6999-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6999-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We use a reduced complexity soil organic carbon (SOC) model to address the influence of two parameters on the response of SOC stocks to climate change: baseline turnover time (k) and temperature sensitivity of decomposition (Q10). In our model, k determines SOC stocks and the magnitude of the response to climate change (from 1850 to 2100 under RCP 8.5) while Q10 drives its sign. We dismiss unlikely simulations using global SOC data to reduce the uncertainty in projections and parameter values.
J.-F. Exbrayat, A. J. Pitman, and G. Abramowitz
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2683–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2683-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2683-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Pre-industrial soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks vary 6-fold in models used in the 5th IPCC Assessment Report. This paper shows that this range is largely determined by model-specific responses of microbal decomposition during the equilibration procedure. As SOC stocks are maintained through the present and to 2100 almost unchanged, we propose that current SOC observations could be used to constrain this equilibration procedure and thereby reduce the uncertainty in climate change projections.
J. Kala, J. P. Evans, A. J. Pitman, C. B. Schaaf, M. Decker, C. Carouge, D. Mocko, and Q. Sun
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2121–2140, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2121-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2121-2014, 2014
R. Lorenz, A. J. Pitman, M. G. Donat, A. L. Hirsch, J. Kala, E. A. Kowalczyk, R. M. Law, and J. Srbinovsky
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 545–567, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-545-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-545-2014, 2014
J.-F. Exbrayat, A. J. Pitman, Q. Zhang, G. Abramowitz, and Y.-P. Wang
Biogeosciences, 10, 7095–7108, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7095-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7095-2013, 2013
A. M. Ukkola and I. C. Prentice
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4177–4187, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4177-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4177-2013, 2013
Q. Zhang, A. J. Pitman, Y. P. Wang, Y. J. Dai, and P. J. Lawrence
Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 333–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-333-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-333-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Earth system interactions with the biosphere: ecosystems
Opening Pandora's box: reducing global circulation model uncertainty in Australian simulations of the carbon cycle
Persistent La Niñas drive joint soybean harvest failures in North and South America
Spatiotemporal changes in the boreal forest in Siberia over the period 1985–2015 against the background of climate change
Downscaling of climate change scenarios for a high-resolution, site-specific assessment of drought stress risk for two viticultural regions with heterogeneous landscapes
Global climate change and the Baltic Sea ecosystem: direct and indirect effects on species, communities and ecosystem functioning
Widespread greening suggests increased dry-season plant water availability in the Rio Santa valley, Peruvian Andes
Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching into the European river network
Impacts of compound hot–dry extremes on US soybean yields
Vulnerability of European ecosystems to two compound dry and hot summers in 2018 and 2019
Modelling forest ruin due to climate hazards
Diverging land-use projections cause large variability in their impacts on ecosystems and related indicators for ecosystem services
Impacts of land use change and elevated CO2 on the interannual variations and seasonal cycles of gross primary productivity in China
Investigating the applicability of emergent constraints
Tidal impacts on primary production in the North Sea
Global vegetation variability and its response to elevated CO2, global warming, and climate variability – a study using the offline SSiB4/TRIFFID model and satellite data
Steering operational synergies in terrestrial observation networks: opportunity for advancing Earth system dynamics modelling
Contrasting terrestrial carbon cycle responses to the 1997/98 and 2015/16 extreme El Niño events
Low-frequency variability in North Sea and Baltic Sea identified through simulations with the 3-D coupled physical–biogeochemical model ECOSMO
Vegetation–climate feedbacks modulate rainfall patterns in Africa under future climate change
Climate change increases riverine carbon outgassing, while export to the ocean remains uncertain
Spatial and temporal variations in plant water-use efficiency inferred from tree-ring, eddy covariance and atmospheric observations
Modelling short-term variability in carbon and water exchange in a temperate Scots pine forest
Establishment and maintenance of regulating ecosystem services in a dryland area of central Asia, illustrated using the Kökyar Protection Forest, Aksu, NW China, as an example
Do Himalayan treelines respond to recent climate change? An evaluation of sensitivity indicators
The impact of land cover generated by a dynamic vegetation model on climate over east Asia in present and possible future climate
Bimodality of woody cover and biomass across the precipitation gradient in West Africa
Critical impacts of global warming on land ecosystems
The influence of vegetation dynamics on anthropogenic climate change
Quantifying the thermodynamic entropy budget of the land surface: is this useful?
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, Andrew J. Pitman, Anna M. Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Bastien François, and Benjamin Smith
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 549–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Studies analyzing the impact of the future climate on ecosystems employ climate projections simulated by global circulation models. These climate projections display biases that translate into significant uncertainty in projections of the future carbon cycle. Here, we test different methods to constrain the uncertainty in simulations of the carbon cycle over Australia. We find that all methods reduce the bias in the steady-state carbon variables but that temporal properties do not improve.
Raed Hamed, Sem Vijverberg, Anne F. Van Loon, Jeroen Aerts, and Dim Coumou
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 255–272, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-255-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-255-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Spatially compounding soy harvest failures can have important global impacts. Using causal networks, we show that soy yields are predominately driven by summer soil moisture conditions in North and South America. Summer soil moisture is affected by antecedent soil moisture and by remote extra-tropical SST patterns in both hemispheres. Both of these soil moisture drivers are again influenced by ENSO. Our results highlight physical pathways by which ENSO can drive spatially compounding impacts.
Wenxue Fu, Lei Tian, Yu Tao, Mingyang Li, and Huadong Guo
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 223–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change has been proven to be an indisputable fact and to be occurring at a faster rate in boreal forest areas. The results of this paper show that boreal forest coverage has shown an increasing trend in the past 3 decades, and the area of broad-leaved forests has increased more rapidly than that of coniferous forests. In addition, temperature rather than precipitation is the main climate factor that is driving change.
Marco Hofmann, Claudia Volosciuk, Martin Dubrovský, Douglas Maraun, and Hans R. Schultz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 911–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled water budget developments of viticultural growing regions on the spatial scale of individual vineyard plots with respect to landscape features like the available water capacity of the soils, slope, and aspect of the sites. We used an ensemble of climate simulations and focused on the occurrence of drought stress. The results show a high bandwidth of projected changes where the risk of potential drought stress becomes more apparent in steep-slope regions.
Markku Viitasalo and Erik Bonsdorff
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 711–747, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-711-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-711-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change has multiple effects on Baltic Sea species, communities and ecosystem functioning. Effects on species distribution, eutrophication and trophic interactions are expected. We review these effects, identify knowledge gaps and draw conclusions based on recent (2010–2021) field, experimental and modelling research. An extensive summary table is compiled to highlight the multifaceted impacts of climate-change-driven processes in the Baltic Sea.
Lorenz Hänchen, Cornelia Klein, Fabien Maussion, Wolfgang Gurgiser, Pierluigi Calanca, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 595–611, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To date, farmers' perceptions of hydrological changes do not match analysis of meteorological data. In contrast to rainfall data, we find greening of vegetation, indicating increased water availability in the past decades. The start of the season is highly variable, making farmers' perceptions comprehensible. We show that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation has complex effects on vegetation seasonality but does not drive the greening we observe. Improved onset forecasts could help local farmers.
Céline Gommet, Ronny Lauerwald, Philippe Ciais, Bertrand Guenet, Haicheng Zhang, and Pierre Regnier
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 393–418, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching from soils into river networks is an important component of the land carbon (C) budget, but its spatiotemporal variation is not yet fully constrained. We use a land surface model to simulate the present-day land C budget at the European scale, including leaching of DOC from the soil. We found average leaching of 14.3 Tg C yr−1 (0.6 % of terrestrial net primary production) with seasonal variations. We determine runoff and temperature to be the main drivers.
Raed Hamed, Anne F. Van Loon, Jeroen Aerts, and Dim Coumou
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1371–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1371-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1371-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soy yields in the US are affected by climate variability. We identify the main within-season climate drivers and highlight potential compound events and associated agricultural impacts. Our results show that soy yields are most negatively influenced by the combination of high temperature and low soil moisture during the summer crop reproductive period. Furthermore, we highlight the role of temperature and moisture coupling across the year in generating these hot–dry extremes and linked impacts.
Ana Bastos, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Sönke Zaehle, Peter Anthoni, Almut Arneth, Pierre Gentine, Emilie Joetzjer, Sebastian Lienert, Tammas Loughran, Patrick C. McGuire, Sungmin O, Julia Pongratz, and Stephen Sitch
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1015–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1015-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1015-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Temperate biomes in Europe are not prone to recurrent dry and hot conditions in summer. However, these conditions may become more frequent in the coming decades. Because stress conditions can leave legacies for many years, this may result in reduced ecosystem resilience under recurrent stress. We assess vegetation vulnerability to the hot and dry summers in 2018 and 2019 in Europe and find the important role of inter-annual legacy effects from 2018 in modulating the impacts of the 2019 event.
Pascal Yiou and Nicolas Viovy
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 997–1013, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-997-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-997-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a model of tree ruin as a response to drought hazards. This model is inspired by a standard model of ruin in the insurance industry. We illustrate how ruin can occur in present-day conditions and the sensitivity of ruin and time to ruin to hazard statistical properties. We also show how tree strategies to cope with hazards can affect their long-term reserves and the probability of ruin.
Anita D. Bayer, Richard Fuchs, Reinhard Mey, Andreas Krause, Peter H. Verburg, Peter Anthoni, and Almut Arneth
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 327–351, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Many projections of future land-use/-cover exist. We evaluate a number of these and determine the variability they cause in ecosystems and their services. We found that projections differ a lot in regional patterns, with some patterns being at least questionable in a historical context. Across ecosystem service indicators, resulting variability until 2040 was highest in crop production. Results emphasize that such variability should be acknowledged in assessments of future ecosystem provisions.
Binghao Jia, Xin Luo, Ximing Cai, Atul Jain, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Zhenghui Xie, Ning Zeng, Jiafu Mao, Xiaoying Shi, Akihiko Ito, Yaxing Wei, Hanqin Tian, Benjamin Poulter, Dan Hayes, and Kevin Schaefer
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 235–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-235-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-235-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We quantitatively examined the relative contributions of climate change, land
use and land cover change, and elevated CO2 to interannual variations and seasonal cycle amplitude of gross primary productivity (GPP) in China based on multi-model ensemble simulations. The contributions of major subregions to the temporal change in China's total GPP are also presented. This work may help us better understand GPP spatiotemporal patterns and their responses to regional changes and human activities.
Alexander J. Winkler, Ranga B. Myneni, and Victor Brovkin
Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 501–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-501-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-501-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The concept of
emergent constraintsis a key method to reduce uncertainty in multi-model climate projections using historical simulations and observations. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of the applicability of the method and uncover possible limitations. Key limitations are a lack of comparability (temporal, spatial, and conceptual) between models and observations and the disagreement between models on system dynamics throughout different levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Changjin Zhao, Ute Daewel, and Corinna Schrum
Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 287–317, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-287-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-287-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our study highlights the importance of tides in controlling the spatial and temporal distributions North Sea primary production based on numerical experiments. We identified two different response chains acting in different regions of the North Sea. (i) In the southern shallow areas, strong tidal mixing dilutes phytoplankton concentrations and increases turbidity, thus decreasing NPP. (ii) In the frontal regions, tidal mixing infuses nutrients into the surface mixed layer, thus increasing NPP.
Ye Liu, Yongkang Xue, Glen MacDonald, Peter Cox, and Zhengqiu Zhang
Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 9–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-9-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-9-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Climate regime shift during the 1980s identified by abrupt change in temperature, precipitation, etc. had a substantial impact on the ecosystem at different scales. Our paper identifies the spatial and temporal characteristics of the effects of climate variability, global warming, and eCO2 on ecosystem trends before and after the shift. We found about 15 % (20 %) of the global land area had enhanced positive trend (trend sign reversed) during the 1980s due to climate regime shift.
Roland Baatz, Pamela L. Sullivan, Li Li, Samantha R. Weintraub, Henry W. Loescher, Michael Mirtl, Peter M. Groffman, Diana H. Wall, Michael Young, Tim White, Hang Wen, Steffen Zacharias, Ingolf Kühn, Jianwu Tang, Jérôme Gaillardet, Isabelle Braud, Alejandro N. Flores, Praveen Kumar, Henry Lin, Teamrat Ghezzehei, Julia Jones, Henry L. Gholz, Harry Vereecken, and Kris Van Looy
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 593–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Focusing on the usage of integrated models and in situ Earth observatory networks, three challenges are identified to advance understanding of ESD, in particular to strengthen links between biotic and abiotic, and above- and below-ground processes. We propose developing a model platform for interdisciplinary usage, to formalize current network infrastructure based on complementarities and operational synergies, and to extend the reanalysis concept to the ecosystem and critical zone.
Jun Wang, Ning Zeng, Meirong Wang, Fei Jiang, Hengmao Wang, and Ziqiang Jiang
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Behaviors of terrestrial ecosystems differ in different El Niños. We analyze terrestrial carbon cycle responses to two extreme El Niños (2015/16 and 1997/98), and find large differences. We find that global land–atmosphere carbon flux anomaly was about 2 times smaller in 2015/16 than in 1997/98 event, without the obvious lagged response. Then we illustrate the climatic and biological mechanisms of the different terrestrial carbon cycle responses in 2015/16 and 1997/98 El Niños regionally.
Ute Daewel and Corinna Schrum
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 801–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-801-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-801-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Processes behind observed long-term variations in marine ecosystems are difficult to be deduced from in situ observations only. By statistically analysing a 61-year model simulation for the North Sea and Baltic Sea and additional model scenarios, we identified major modes of variability in the environmental variables and associated those with changes in primary production. We found that the dominant impact on changes in ecosystem productivity was introduced by modulations of the wind fields.
Minchao Wu, Guy Schurgers, Markku Rummukainen, Benjamin Smith, Patrick Samuelsson, Christer Jansson, Joe Siltberg, and Wilhelm May
Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 627–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-627-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-627-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
On Earth, vegetation does not merely adapt to climate but also imposes significant influences on climate with both local and remote effects. In this study we evaluated the role of vegetation in African climate with a regional Earth system model. By the comparison between the experiments with and without dynamic vegetation changes, we found that vegetation can influence climate remotely, resulting in modulating rainfall patterns over Africa.
F. Langerwisch, A. Walz, A. Rammig, B. Tietjen, K. Thonicke, and W. Cramer
Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 559–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-559-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-559-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In Amazonia, carbon fluxes are considerably influenced by annual flooding. We applied the newly developed model RivCM to several climate change scenarios to estimate potential changes in riverine carbon. We find that climate change causes substantial changes in riverine organic and inorganic carbon, as well as changes in carbon exported to the atmosphere and ocean. Such changes could have local and regional impacts on the carbon budget of the whole Amazon basin and parts of the Atlantic Ocean.
Stefan C. Dekker, Margriet Groenendijk, Ben B. B. Booth, Chris Huntingford, and Peter M. Cox
Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 525–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-525-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-525-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis allows us to infer maps of changing plant water-use efficiency (WUE) for 1901–2010, using atmospheric observations of temperature, humidity and CO2. Our estimated increase in global WUE is consistent with the tree-ring and eddy covariance data, but much larger than the historical WUE increases simulated by Earth System Models (ESMs). We therefore conclude that the effects of increasing CO2 on plant WUE are significantly underestimated in the latest climate projections.
M. H. Vermeulen, B. J. Kruijt, T. Hickler, and P. Kabat
Earth Syst. Dynam., 6, 485–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-485-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-485-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We compared a process-based ecosystem model (LPJ-GUESS) with EC measurements to test whether observed interannual variability (IAV) in carbon and water fluxes can be reproduced because it is important to understand the driving mechanisms of IAV. We show that the model's mechanistic process representation for photosynthesis at low temperatures and during drought could be improved, but other process representations are still lacking in order to fully reproduce the observed IAV.
S. Missall, M. Welp, N. Thevs, A. Abliz, and Ü. Halik
Earth Syst. Dynam., 6, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-359-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-359-2015, 2015
U. Schickhoff, M. Bobrowski, J. Böhner, B. Bürzle, R. P. Chaudhary, L. Gerlitz, H. Heyken, J. Lange, M. Müller, T. Scholten, N. Schwab, and R. Wedegärtner
Earth Syst. Dynam., 6, 245–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-245-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-245-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Near-natural Himalayan treelines are usually krummholz treelines, which are relatively unresponsive to climate change. Intense recruitment of treeline trees suggests a great potential for future treeline advance. Competitive abilities of tree seedlings within krummholz thickets and dwarf scrub heaths will be a major source of variation in treeline dynamics. Tree growth-climate relationships show mature treeline trees to be responsive in particular to high pre-monsoon temperature trends.
M.-H. Cho, K.-O. Boo, G. M. Martin, J. Lee, and G.-H. Lim
Earth Syst. Dynam., 6, 147–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-147-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-147-2015, 2015
Z. Yin, S. C. Dekker, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, and H. A. Dijkstra
Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 257–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-257-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-257-2014, 2014
S. Ostberg, W. Lucht, S. Schaphoff, and D. Gerten
Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 347–357, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-347-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-347-2013, 2013
U. Port, V. Brovkin, and M. Claussen
Earth Syst. Dynam., 3, 233–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-233-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-233-2012, 2012
N. A. Brunsell, S. J. Schymanski, and A. Kleidon
Earth Syst. Dynam., 2, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2-87-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2-87-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Abramowitz, G., Leuning, R., Clark, M., and Pitman, A.: Evaluating the
performance of land surface models, J. Climate, 21, 5468–5481,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2378.1, 2008.
Abramowitz, G.: Towards a public, standardized, diagnostic benchmarking system for land surface models, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 819–827, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-819-2012, 2012.
Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N.,
Vennetier, M., Kitzberger, T., Rigling, A., Breshears, D. D., Hogg, E. H.
(Ted), Gonzalez, P., Fensham, R., Zhang, Z., Castro, J., Demidova, N., Lim,
J.-H., Allard, G., Running, S. W., Semerci, A., and Cobb, N.: A global
overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate
change risks for forests, Forest Ecol. Manag., 259, 660–684,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001, 2010.
Allen, C. D., Breshears, D. D., and McDowell, N. G.: On underestimation of
global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter
drought in the Anthropocene, Ecosphere, 6, 129,
https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00203.1, 2015.
Anyah, R. O., Weaver, C. P., Miguez-Macho, G., Fan, Y., and Robock, A.:
Incorporating water table dynamics in climate modeling: 3. Simulated
groundwater influence on coupled land-atmosphere variability, J. Geophys.
Res., 113, D07103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009087, 2008.
Arora, V. K. and Boer, G. J.: A representation of variable root distribution
in dynamic vegetation models, Earth Interact., 7, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1087-3562(2003)007<0001:AROVRD>2.0.CO;2,
2003.
Badger, M. R. and Collatz, G. J.: Studies on the kinetic mechanism of RuBP
carboxylase and oxygenase reactions, with particular reference to the effect
of temperature on kinetic parameters, Year book–Carnegie Institution of
Washington, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 355–361 pp., 1977.
Ball, J. T., Woodrow, I. E., and Berry, J. A.: A model predicting stomatal
conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under
different environmental conditions, in Progress in Photosynthesis Research,
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 221–224,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0519-6_48, 1987.
Bartle, G. A., Murray, A. M., and Macpherson, D. K.: The distribution of root
length, and the limits to flow of soil water to roots in a dry sclerophyll
forest, Forest Sci., 26, 656–664, 1980.
Bernacchi, C. J., Singsaas, E. L., Pimentel, C., Portis Jr., A. R., and Long,
S. P.: Improved temperature response functions for models of Rubisco-limited
photosynthesis, Plant. Cell Environ., 24, 253–259,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2001.00668.x, 2001.
Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G., Johnson, H. R., Pitman, A. J., Balsamo, G., Boone, A., Cuntz, M., Decharme, B., Dirmeyer, P. A., Dong, J., Ek, M., Guo, Z., Haverd, V., van den Hurk, B. J. J., Nearing, G. S., Pak, B., Peters-Lidard, C., Santanello, J. A., Stevens, L., and Vuichard, N.: The plumbing of land surface models: benchmarking model performance, J. Hydrometeorol., 16, 1425–1442, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0158.1, 2015.
Birami, B., Gattmann, M., Heyer, A. G., Grote, R., Arneth, A., and Ruehr, N.
K.: Heat waves alter carbon allocation and increase mortality of Aleppo Pine
under dry conditions, Front. For. Glob. Chang., 1, 8,
https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2018.00008, 2018.
Bonetti, S., Manoli, G., Domec, J. C., Putti, M., Marani, M., and Katul, G.
G.: The influence of water table depth and the free atmospheric state on
convective rainfall predisposition, Water Resour. Res., 51, 2283–2297,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016431, 2015.
Bureau of Meteorology: Special Climate Statement 43-extreme heat in January
2013, available at:
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf (last access: 29 August 2021), 2013.
Bureau of Meteorology: Special Climate Statement 61-exceptional heat in
southeast Australia in early 2017, available at:
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs61.pdf (last access: 29 August 2021), 2017.
Bureau of Meteorology: Special Climate Statement 68 – widespread heatwaves
during December 2018 and January 2019, available at:
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs68.pdf (last access: 29 August 2021), 2019.
Burgess, S. S. O., Adams, M. A., Turner, N. C., and Ong, C. K.: The
redistribution of soil water by tree root systems, Oecologia, 115,
306–311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050521, 1998.
Canadell, J., Jackson, R. B., Ehleringer, J. B., Mooney, H. A., Sala, O. E.,
and Schulze, E.-D.: Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global
scale, Oecologia, 108, 583–595, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329030, 1996.
Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogée, J., Allard, V.,
Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C., Carrara, A., Chevallier, F., De
Noblet, N., Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Grünwald, T., Heinesch,
B., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci,
G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S.,
Seufert, G., Soussana, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Schulze, E. D., Vesala, T., and
Valentini, R.: Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the
heat and drought in 2003, Nature, 437, 529–533,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03972, 2005.
Condon, L. E., Atchley, A. L., and Maxwell, R. M.: Evapotranspiration
depletes groundwater under warming over the contiguous United States, Nat.
Commun., 11, 873, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14688-0, 2020.
Cosby, B. J., Hornberger, G. M., Clapp, R. B., and Ginn, T. R.: A statistical exploration of the relationships of soil moisture characteristics to the physical properties of soils, Water Resour. Res., 20, 682–690, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i006p00682, 1984.
Cowan, T., Purich, A., Perkins, S., Pezza, A., Boschat, G., and Sadler, K.:
More frequent, longer, and hotter heat waves for Australia in the
twenty-first century, J. Climate, 27, 5851–5871,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00092.1, 2014.
Crous, K. Y., Quentin, A. G., Lin, Y.-S., Medlyn, B. E., Williams, D. G.,
Barton, C. V. M., and Ellsworth, D. S.: Photosynthesis of temperate
Eucalyptus globulus trees outside their native range has limited adjustment
to elevated CO2 and climate warming, Glob. Change Biol., 19,
3790–3807, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12314, 2013.
Cunningham, S. C. and Read, J.: Do temperate rainforest trees have a greater ability to acclimate to changing temperatures than tropical rainforest trees?, New Phytol., 157, 55–64, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00652.x, 2003.
Dawson, T. E. and Pate, J. S.: Seasonal water uptake and movement in root
systems of Australian phraeatophytic plants of dimorphic root morphology: a
stable isotope investigation, Oecologia, 107, 13–20,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00582230, 1996.
De Boeck, H. J., Dreesen, F. E., Janssens, I. A., and Nijs, I.: Climatic
characteristics of heat waves and their simulation in plant experiments,
Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1992–2000, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02049.x,
2010.
Decker, M.: Development and evaluation of a new soil moisture and runoff
parameterization for the CABLE LSM including subgrid-scale processes, J.
Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 7, 1788–1809, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000507, 2015.
Decker, M., Or, D., Pitman, A. and Ukkola, A.: New turbulent resistance
parameterization for soil evaporation based on a pore-scale model: Impact on
surface fluxes in CABLE, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 9, 220–238,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000832, 2017.
De Kauwe, M. G., Kala, J., Lin, Y.-S., Pitman, A. J., Medlyn, B. E., Duursma, R. A., Abramowitz, G., Wang, Y.-P., and Miralles, D. G.: A test of an optimal stomatal conductance scheme within the CABLE land surface model, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 431–452, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-431-2015, 2015.
De Kauwe, M. G., Medlyn, B. E., Pitman, A. J., Drake, J. E., Ukkola, A., Griebel, A., Pendall, E., Prober, S., and Roderick, M.: Examining the evidence for decoupling between photosynthesis and transpiration during heat extremes, Biogeosciences, 16, 903–916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-903-2019, 2019.
De Kauwe, M. G., Medlyn, B. E., Ukkola, A. M., Mu, M., Sabot, M. E. B. B.,
Pitman, A. J., Meir, P., Cernusak, L. A., Rifai, S. W., Choat, B., Tissue,
D. T., Blackman, C. J., Li, X., Roderick, M., and Briggs, P. R.: Identifying
areas at risk of drought-induced tree mortality across South-Eastern
Australia, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 5716–5733, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15215,
2020.
D'Odorico, P. and Porporato, A.: Preferential states in soil moisture and
climate dynamics, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 8848–8851,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0401428101, 2004.
Döll, P., Müller Schmied, H., Schuh, C., Portmann, F. T., and Eicker,
A.: Global-scale assessment of groundwater depletion and related groundwater
abstractions: Combining hydrological modeling with information from well
observations and GRACE satellites, Water Resour. Res., 50, 5698–5720,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015595, 2014.
Drake, J. E., Tjoelker, M. G., Vårhammar, A., Medlyn, B. E., Reich, P.
B., Leigh, A., Pfautsch, S., Blackman, C. J., López, R., Aspinwall, M.
J., Crous, K. Y., Duursma, R. A., Kumarathunge, D., De Kauwe, M. G., Jiang,
M., Nicotra, A. B., Tissue, D. T., Choat, B., Atkin, O. K. and Barton, C. V.
M. M.: Trees tolerate an extreme heatwave via sustained transpirational
cooling and increased leaf thermal tolerance, Glob. Change Biol., 24,
2390–2402, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14037, 2018.
Drewniak, B. A.: Simulating dynamic roots in the energy exascale earth
system land model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 338–359,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001334, 2019.
Eamus, D. and Froend, R.: Groundwater-dependent ecosystems: the where, what
and why of GDEs, Aust. J. Bot., 54, 91–96,, https://doi.org/10.1071/BT06029, 2006.
Eamus, D., Zolfaghar, S., Villalobos-Vega, R., Cleverly, J., and Huete, A.: Groundwater-dependent ecosystems: recent insights from satellite and field-based studies, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4229–4256, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4229-2015, 2015.
Eberbach, P. L. and Burrows, G. E.: The transpiration response by four
topographically distributed Eucalyptus species, to rainfall occurring during
drought in south eastern Australia, Physiol. Plant., 127, 483–493,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00762.x, 2006.
Fan, Y.: Groundwater in the Earth's critical zone: Relevance to large-scale
patterns and processes, Water Resour. Res., 51, 3052–3069,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017037, 2015.
Fan, Y., Li, H., and Miguez-Macho, G.: Global patterns of groundwater table
depth, Science, 339, 940–943, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229881, 2013.
Fan, Y., Miguez-Macho, G., Jobbágy, E. G., Jackson, R. B., and
Otero-Casal, C.: Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth, P. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 10572–10577, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712381114, 2017.
Fischer, E. M., Seneviratne, S. I., Vidale, P. L., Lüthi, D., and
Schär, C.: Soil moisture–atmosphere interactions during the 2003
European summer heat wave, J. Climate, 20, 5081–5099,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4288.1, 2007.
Gale, M. R. and Grigal, D. F.: Vertical root distributions of northern tree
species in relation to successional status, Can. J. Forest Res., 17,
829–834, https://doi.org/10.1139/x87-131, 1987.
Geange, S. R., Arnold, P. A., Catling, A. A., Coast, O., Cook, A. M.,
Gowland, K. M., Leigh, A., Notarnicola, R. F., Posch, B. C., Venn, S. E.,
Zhu, L., and Nicotra, A. B.: The thermal tolerance of photosynthetic tissues:
a global systematic review and agenda for future research, New Phytol.,
229, 2497–2513, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17052, 2021.
Gilbert, J. M., Maxwell, R. M., and Gochis, D. J.: Effects of water-table
configuration on the planetary boundary layer over the San Joaquin River
Watershed, California, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 1471–1488,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0134.1, 2017.
GLEAM: Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) Version 3.5, https://www.gleam.eu/, last access: 29 August 2021.
Griffith, S. J., Bale, C., and Adam, P.: Environmental correlates of coastal
heathland and allied vegetation, Aust. J. Bot., 56, 512,
https://doi.org/10.1071/BT06147, 2008.
Haverd, V., Raupach, M. R., Briggs, P. R., Canadell, J. G., Isaac, P., Pickett-Heaps, C., Roxburgh, S. H., van Gorsel, E., Viscarra Rossel, R. A., and Wang, Z.: Multiple observation types reduce uncertainty in Australia's terrestrial carbon and water cycles, Biogeosciences, 10, 2011–2040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2011-2013, 2013.
Hengl, T., Mendes de Jesus, J., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Ruiperez Gonzalez, M.,
Kilibarda, M., Blagotić, A., Shangguan, W., Wright, M. N., Geng, X.,
Bauer-Marschallinger, B., Guevara, M. A., Vargas, R., MacMillan, R. A.,
Batjes, N. H., Leenaars, J. G. B., Ribeiro, E., Wheeler, I., Mantel, S., and
Kempen, B.: SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine
learning, PLoS One, 12, e0169748,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169748, 2017.
Hirsch, A. L., Evans, J. P., Di Virgilio, G., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E.,
Argüeso, D., Pitman, A. J., Carouge, C. C., Kala, J., Andrys, J.,
Petrelli, P., and Rockel, B.: Amplification of Australian heatwaves via local
land-atmosphere coupling, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 13625–13647,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030665, 2019.
Hobeichi, S., Abramowitz, G., and Evans, J. P.: Robust historical evapotranspiration trends across climate regimes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3855–3874, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3855-2021, 2021a.
Hobeichi, S., Abramowitz, G., and Evans, J. P.: Derived Optimal Linear Combination Evapotranspiration – DOLCE v2.1, NCI National Research Data Collection [data set], https://doi.org/10.25914/5f1664837ef06, 2021b.
Humphrey, V., Zscheischler, J., Ciais, P., Gudmundsson, L., Sitch, S., and
Seneviratne, S. I.: Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 growth rate to
observed changes in terrestrial water storage, Nature, 560, 628–631,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0424-4, 2018.
Ibáñez, I., Acharya, K., Juno, E., Karounos, C., Lee, B. R.,
McCollum, C., Schaffer-Morrison, S., and Tourville, J.: Forest resilience
under global environmental change: Do we have the information we need? A
systematic review, edited by: Zang, R., PLoS One, 14, e0222207,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222207, 2019.
Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J., Ehleringer, J. R., Mooney, H. A., Sala, O. E.,
and Schulze, E. D.: A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial
biomes, Oecologia, 108, 389–411, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00333714, 1996.
Jiang, X., Niu, G.-Y., and Yang, Z.-L.: Impacts of vegetation and groundwater
dynamics on warm season precipitation over the Central United States, J.
Geophys. Res., 114, D06109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010756, 2009.
Jones, D., Wang, W., and Fawcett, R.: High-quality spatial climate data-sets
for Australia, Aust. Meteorol. Oceanogr. J., 58, 233–248,
https://doi.org/10.22499/2.5804.003, 2009.
Jyoteeshkumar reddy, P., Sharples, J. J., Lewis, S. C., and
Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E.: Modulating influence of drought on the synergy
between heatwaves and dead fine fuel moisture content of bushfire fuels in
the Southeast Australian region, Weather Clim. Extrem., 31, 100300,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2020.100300, 2021.
Kattge, J. and Knorr, W.: Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of
photosynthesis: a reanalysis of data from 36 species, Plant. Cell Environ.,
30, 1176–1190, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01690.x, 2007.
Keune, J., Gasper, F., Goergen, K., Hense, A., Shrestha, P., Sulis, M., and
Kollet, S.: Studying the influence of groundwater representations on land
surface-atmosphere feedbacks during the European heat wave in 2003, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 13301–13325, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025426,
2016.
Kim, W., Iizumi, T., and Nishimori, M.: Global Patterns of Crop Production
Losses Associated with Droughts from 1983 to 2009, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Clim., 58, 1233–1244, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0174.1, 2019.
Kowalczyk, E. A., Wang, Y. P., and Law, R. M.: The CSIRO Atmosphere Biosphere
Land Exchange (CABLE) model for use in climate models and as an offline
model, CSIRO Mar. Atmos. Res. Pap., 13, 1–42,
https://doi.org/10.4225/08/58615c6a9a51d, 2006.
Kuginis, L., Dabovic, J., Burne, G., Raine, A., and Hemakumara, H.: Methods
for the identification of high probability groundwater dependent vegetation
ecosystems, DPI Water: Sydney, NSW, available at:
https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/ (last access: 29 August 2021), 2016.
Kumarathunge, D. P., Medlyn, B. E., Drake, J. E., Tjoelker, M. G.,
Aspinwall, M. J., Battaglia, M., Cano, F. J., Carter, K. R., Cavaleri, M.
A., Cernusak, L. A., Chambers, J. Q., Crous, K. Y., De Kauwe, M. G.,
Dillaway, D. N., Dreyer, E., Ellsworth, D. S., Ghannoum, O., Han, Q.,
Hikosaka, K., Jensen, A. M., Kelly, J. W. G. G., Kruger, E. L., Mercado, L.
M., Onoda, Y., Reich, P. B., Rogers, A., Slot, M., Smith, N. G., Tarvainen,
L., Tissue, D. T., Togashi, H. F., Tribuzy, E. S., Uddling, J.,
Vårhammar, A., Wallin, G., Warren, J. M., and Way, D. A.: Acclimation and
adaptation components of the temperature dependence of plant photosynthesis
at the global scale, New Phytol., 222, 768–784, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15668,
2019.
Landerer, F. W., Flechtner, F. M., Save, H., Webb, F. H., Bandikova, T.,
Bertiger, W. I., Bettadpur, S. V., Byun, S. H., Dahle, C., Dobslaw, H.,
Fahnestock, E., Harvey, N., Kang, Z., Kruizinga, G. L. H., Loomis, B. D.,
McCullough, C., Murböck, M., Nagel, P., Paik, M., Pie, N., Poole, S.,
Strekalov, D., Tamisiea, M. E., Wang, F., Watkins, M. M., Wen, H., Wiese, D.
N., and Yuan, D.: Extending the global mass change data record: GRACE
Follow-On instrument and science data performance, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
47, e2020GL088306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088306, 2020.
Leblanc, M. J., Tregoning, P., Ramillien, G., Tweed, S. O., and Fakes, A.:
Basin-scale, integrated observations of the early 21st century multiyear
drought in southeast Australia, Water Resour. Res., 45, 1–10,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007333, 2009.
Lesk, C., Rowhani, P., and Ramankutty, N.: Influence of extreme weather
disasters on global crop production, Nature, 529, 84–87,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16467, 2016.
Leuning, R., Kelliher, F. M., Pury, D. G. G., and Schulze, E.-D.: Leaf
nitrogen, photosynthesis, conductance and transpiration: scaling from leaves
to canopies, Plant, Cell Environ., 18, 1183–1200,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00628.x, 1995.
LP DAAC: The Application for Extracting and Exploring Analysis Ready Samples (AρρEEARS), available at: https://lpdaacsvc.cr.usgs.gov/appeears/, last access: 1 September 2021.
Marchionni, V., Daly, E., Manoli, G., Tapper, N. J., Walker, J. P., and
Fatichi, S.: Groundwater buffers drought effects and climate variability in
urban reserves, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR026192, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026192, 2020.
Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Lievens, H., van der Schalie, R., de Jeu, R. A. M., Fernández-Prieto, D., Beck, H. E., Dorigo, W. A., and Verhoest, N. E. C.: GLEAM v3: satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1903–1925, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017, 2017.
Martínez-de la Torre, A. and Miguez-Macho, G.: Groundwater influence on soil moisture memory and land–atmosphere fluxes in the Iberian Peninsula, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4909–4932, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4909-2019, 2019.
Martinez, J. A., Dominguez, F., and Miguez-Macho, G.: Effects of a
groundwater scheme on the simulation of soil moisture and evapotranspiration
over southern South America, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 2941–2957,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0051.1, 2016a.
Martinez, J. A., Dominguez, F., and Miguez-Macho, G.: Impacts of a
groundwater scheme on hydroclimatological conditions over southern South
America, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 2959–2978, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0052.1,
2016b.
Massmann, A., Gentine, P., and Lin, C.: When does vapor pressure deficit
drive or reduce evapotranspiration?, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11,
3305–3320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001790, 2019.
Maxwell, R. M., Chow, F. K., and Kollet, S. J.: The
groundwater–land-surface–atmosphere connection: Soil moisture effects on
the atmospheric boundary layer in fully-coupled simulations, Adv. Water
Resour., 30, 2447–2466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2007.05.018, 2007.
Maxwell, R. M., Lundquist, J. K., Mirocha, J. D., Smith, S. G., Woodward, C.
S., and Tompson, A. F. B.: Development of a coupled groundwater–atmosphere
model, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 96–116, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3392.1, 2011.
McVicar, T. R., Van Niel, T. G., Li, L. T., Roderick, M. L., Rayner, D. P.,
Ricciardulli, L., and Donohue, R. J.: Wind speed climatology and trends for
Australia, 1975–2006: Capturing the stilling phenomenon and comparison with
near-surface reanalysis output, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035627, 2008.
Medlyn, B. E., Duursma, R. A., Eamus, D., Ellsworth, D. S., Prentice, C. I.,
Barton, C. V. M., Crous, K. Y., De Angelis, P., Freeman, M., and Wingate, L.:
Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal
conductance, Glob. Chang. Biol., 17, 2134–2144,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02375.x, 2011.
Mercado, L. M., Medlyn, B. E., Huntingford, C., Oliver, R. J., Clark, D. B.,
Sitch, S., Zelazowski, P., Kattge, J., Harper, A. B., and Cox, P. M.: Large
sensitivity in land carbon storage due to geographical and temporal
variation in the thermal response of photosynthetic capacity, New Phytol.,
218, 1462–1477, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15100, 2018.
Miller, G. R., Chen, X., Rubin, Y., Ma, S., and Baldocchi, D. D.: Groundwater
uptake by woody vegetation in a semiarid oak savanna, Water Resour. Res.,
46, 2009WR008902, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008902, 2010.
Miralles, D. G., Holmes, T. R. H., De Jeu, R. A. M., Gash, J. H., Meesters, A. G. C. A., and Dolman, A. J.: Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 453–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-453-2011, 2011.
Miralles, D. G., Teuling, A. J., van Heerwaarden, C. C., and Vilà-Guerau
de Arellano, J.: Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation
and atmospheric heat accumulation, Nat. Geosci., 7, 345–349,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2141, 2014.
Miralles, D. G., Gentine, P., Seneviratne, S. I., and Teuling, A. J.:
Land-atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the
science and current challenges, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1436, 19–35,
https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13912, 2019.
Mitchell, P. J., O'Grady, A. P., Hayes, K. R., and Pinkard, E. A.: Exposure
of trees to drought-induced die-off is defined by a common climatic
threshold across different vegetation types, Ecol. Evol., 4, 1088–1101,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1008, 2014.
Mu, M.: bibivking/Groundwater_Vegetation_Heatwave_Drought: Groundwater Vegetation Heatwave Drought (v1.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5158498, 2021.
Mu, M., De Kauwe, M. G., Ukkola, A. M., Pitman, A. J., Gimeno, T. E., Medlyn, B. E., Or, D., Yang, J., and Ellsworth, D. S.: Evaluating a land surface model at a water-limited site: implications for land surface contributions to droughts and heatwaves, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 447–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021, 2021.
Mukherjee, S., Ashfaq, M. and Mishra, A. K.: Compound Drought and Heatwaves
at a Global Scale: The role of natural climate variability-associated
synoptic patterns and land-surface energy budget anomalies, J. Geophys. Res.
Atmos., 125, e2019JD031943, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031943, 2020.
Nairn, J. R. and Fawcett, R. J. B.: The excess heat factor: A metric for
heatwave intensity and its use in classifying heatwave severity, Int. J.
Environ. Res. Pu., 12, 227–253, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100227,
2014.
National Climate Centre: The exceptional January-February 2009 heatwave in
south-eastern Australia, available at:
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs17c.pdf (last access: 29 August 2021), 2009.
NCI: CABLE: The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange Model,
available at: https://trac.nci.org.au/trac/cable, last access: 4 August 2021.
Orth, R. and Destouni, G.: Drought reduces blue-water fluxes more strongly
than green-water fluxes in Europe, Nat. Commun., 9, 3602,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06013-7, 2018.
O’sullivan, O. S., Heskel, M. A., Reich, P. B., Tjoelker, M. G., Weerasinghe, L. K., Penillard, A., Zhu, L., Egerton, J. J. G., Bloomfield, K. J., Creek, D., Bahar, N. H. A., Griffin, K. L., Hurry, V., Meir, P., Turnbull, M. H., and Atkin, O. K.: Thermal limits of leaf metabolism across
biomes, Glob. Change Biol., 23, 209–223, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13477, 2017.
Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., White, C. J., Alexander, L. V, Argüeso, D.,
Boschat, G., Cowan, T., Evans, J. P., Ekström, M., Oliver, E. C. J.,
Phatak, A., and Purich, A.: Natural hazards in Australia: heatwaves, Clim.
Change, 139, 101–114, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1650-0, 2016.
Perkins, S. E.: A review on the scientific understanding of
heatwaves – Their measurement, driving mechanisms, and changes at the global
scale, Atmos. Res., 164–165, 242–267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.014,
2015.
Raupach, M. R.: Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness length and
zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index,
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 71, 211–216, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00709229, 1994.
Raupach, M. R., Finkele, K., and Zhang, L.: SCAM: a soil-canopy-atmosphere
model: description and comparisons with field data, CSIRO Centre for
Environmental Mechanics, Canberra, Australia,
https://doi.org/10.4225/08/5a30195883b8f, 1997.
Raupach, M. R., Haverd, V., and Briggs, P. R.: Sensitivities of the
Australian terrestrial water and carbon balances to climate change and
variability, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 182–183, 277–291,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.06.017, 2013.
Reich, P. B., Sendall, K. M., Rice, K., Rich, R. L., Stefanski, A., Hobbie, S. E., and Montgomery, R. A.: Geographic range predicts photosynthetic and growth response to warming in co-occurring tree species, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 148–152, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2497, 2015.
Richards, J. H. and Caldwell, M. M.: Hydraulic lift: Substantial nocturnal
water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentata roots,
Oecologia, 73, 486–489, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379405, 1987.
Ruehr, N. K., Grote, R., Mayr, S., and Arneth, A.: Beyond the extreme:
recovery of carbon and water relations in woody plants following heat and
drought stress, Tree Physiol., 39, 1285–1299,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz032, 2019.
Sandi, S. G., Rodriguez, J. F., Saintilan, N., Wen, L., Kuczera, G.,
Riccardi, G., and Saco, P. M.: Resilience to drought of dryland wetlands
threatened by climate change, Sci. Rep.-UK, 10, 13232,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70087-x, 2020.
Schenk, H. J. and Jackson, R. B.: The global biogeography of roots, Ecol.
Monogr., 72, 311–328,
doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0311:TGBOR]2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Schumacher, D. L., Keune, J., van Heerwaarden, C. C., Vilà-Guerau de
Arellano, J., Teuling, A. J., and Miralles, D. G.: Amplification of
mega-heatwaves through heat torrents fuelled by upwind drought, Nat.
Geosci., 12, 712–717, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0431-6, 2019.
Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B.,
Lehner, I., Orlowsky, B., and Teuling, A. J.: Investigating soil
moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 99, 125–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004,
2010.
Shrestha, P., Sulis, M., Masbou, M., Kollet, S., and Simmer, C.: A
scale-consistent terrestrial systems modeling platform based on COSMO, CLM,
and ParFlow, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 3466–3483,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00029.1, 2014.
Smith, N. G. and Dukes, J. S.: Plant respiration and photosynthesis in
global-scale models: incorporating acclimation to temperature and CO2,
Glob. Change Biol., 19, 45–63, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02797.x,
2013.
Smith, N. G., Malyshev, S. L., Shevliakova, E., Kattge, J., and Dukes, J. S.:
Foliar temperature acclimation reduces simulated carbon sensitivity to
climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 407–411, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2878, 2016.
Swenson, S. C. and Lawrence, D. M.: Assessing a dry surface layer-based soil
resistance parameterization for the Community Land Model using GRACE and
FLUXNET-MTE data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 10299–10312,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022314, 2014.
Teuling, A. J., Van Loon, A. F., Seneviratne, S. I., Lehner, I., Aubinet,
M., Heinesch, B., Bernhofer, C., Grünwald, T., Prasse, H., and Spank, U.:
Evapotranspiration amplifies European summer drought, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
40, 2071–2075, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50495, 2013.
Thorburn, P. J., Walker, G. R., and Woods, P. H.: Comparison of diffuse
discharge from shallow water tables in soils and salt flats, J. Hydrol.,
136, 253–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90014-M, 1992.
Trudinger, C. M., Haverd, V., Briggs, P. R., and Canadell, J. G.: Interannual variability in Australia's terrestrial carbon cycle constrained by multiple observation types, Biogeosciences, 13, 6363–6383, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6363-2016, 2016.
Trugman, A. T., Medvigy, D., Mankin, J. S., and Anderegg, W. R. L. L.: Soil
moisture stress as a major driver of carbon cycle uncertainty, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 6495–6503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078131, 2018.
Ukkola, A. M., De Kauwe, M. G., Pitman, A. J., Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G.,
Haverd, V., Decker, M., and Haughton, N.: Land surface models systematically
overestimate the intensity, duration and magnitude of seasonal-scale
evaporative droughts, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 104012,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/104012, 2016a.
Ukkola, A. M., Pitman, A. J., Decker, M., De Kauwe, M. G., Abramowitz, G., Kala, J., and Wang, Y.-P.: Modelling evapotranspiration during precipitation deficits: identifying critical processes in a land surface model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2403-2016, 2016b.
Ukkola, A. M., De Kauwe, M. G., Roderick, M. L., Abramowitz, G. and Pitman,
A. J.: Robust future changes in meteorological drought in CMIP6 projections
despite uncertainty in precipitation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47,
e2020GL087820, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087820, 2020.
van Dijk, A. I. J. M. J. M., Beck, H. E., Crosbie, R. S., de Jeu, R. A. M.,
Liu, Y. Y., Podger, G. M., Timbal, B., and Viney, N. R.: The Millennium
Drought in southeast Australia (2001–2009): Natural and human causes and
implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society, Water
Resour. Res., 49, 1040–1057, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20123, 2013.
Verdon-Kidd, D. C. and Kiem, A. S.: Nature and causes of protracted droughts
in southeast Australia: Comparison between the Federation, WWII, and Big Dry
droughts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L22707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041067,
2009.
Wada, Y.: Impacts of groundwater pumping on regional and global water
resources, in: Terrestrial Water Cycle and Climate Change, American
Geophysical Union, edited by: Tang, Q. and Oki, T., Hoboken, United States,
71–101, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118971772.ch5, 2016.
Wan, Z., Hook, S., and Hulley, G.: MOD11A1 MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity Daily L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V006, NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD11A1.006, 2015a
Wan, Z., Hook, S., and Hulley, G.: MYD11A1 MODIS/Aqua Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity Daily L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V006, NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD11A1.006, 2015b.
Wan, Z. and Li, Z.-L.: A physics-based algorithm for retrieving land-surface
emissivity and temperature from EOS/MODIS data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 35, 980–996, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.602541, 1997.
Wang, K. and Dickinson, R. E.: A review of global terrestrial
evapotranspiration: Observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic
variability, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000373, 2012.
Wang, P., Niu, G., Fang, Y., Wu, R., Yu, J., Yuan, G., Pozdniakov, S. P., and
Scott, R. L.: Implementing dynamic root optimization in Noah-MP for
simulating phreatophytic root water uptake, Water Resour. Res., 54,
1560–1575, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021061, 2018.
Wang, Y.-P. and Leuning, R.: A two-leaf model for canopy conductance,
photosynthesis and partitioning of available energy I: Model description and
comparison with a multi-layered model, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 91,
89–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00061-6, 1998.
Wang, Y. P., Kowalczyk, E., Leuning, R., Abramowitz, G., Raupach, M. R.,
Pak, B., van Gorsel, E., and Luhar, A.: Diagnosing errors in a land surface
model (CABLE) in the time and frequency domains, J. Geophys. Res., 116,
G01034, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001385, 2011.
Warren, J. M., Hanson, P. J., Iversen, C. M., Kumar, J., Walker, A. P., and
Wullschleger, S. D.: Root structural and functional dynamics in terrestrial
biosphere models – evaluation and recommendations, New Phytol., 205,
59–78, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13034, 2015.
Watkins, M. M., Wiese, D. N., Yuan, D.-N., Boening, C., and Landerer, F. W.:
Improved methods for observing Earth's time variable mass distribution with
GRACE using spherical cap mascons, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120,
2648–2671, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011547, 2015.
Wiese, D. N., Landerer, F. W., and Watkins, M. M.: Quantifying and reducing
leakage errors in the JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution, Water Resour. Res.,
52, 7490–7502, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019344, 2016.
Wiese, D. N., Yuan, D.-N., Boening, C., Landerer, F. W., and Watkins, M. M.: JPL
GRACE Mascon Ocean, Ice, and Hydrology Equivalent Water Height Release 06
Coastal Resolution Improvement (CRI) Filtered Version 1.0. Ver. 1.0.,
PO.DAAC, CA, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/TEMSC-3MJC6, 2018.
Wiese, D. N., Yuan, D.-N., Boening, C., Landerer, F. W., and Watkins, M. M.: JPL GRACE Mascon Ocean, Ice, and Hydrology Equivalent Water Height RL06 CRI Filtered Version 02, PO.DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/TEMSC-3JC62, 2019.
Yang, J., Duursma, R. A., De Kauwe, M. G., Kumarathunge, D., Jiang, M.,
Mahmud, K., Gimeno, T. E., Crous, K. Y., Ellsworth, D. S., Peters, J.,
Choat, B., Eamus, D., and Medlyn, B. E.: Incorporating non-stomatal
limitation improves the performance of leaf and canopy models at high vapour
pressure deficit, Tree Physiol., 39, 1961–1974,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz103, 2019.
Zencich, S. J., Froend, R. H., Turner, J. V., and Gailitis, V.: Influence of
groundwater depth on the seasonal sources of water accessed by Banksia tree
species on a shallow, sandy coastal aquifer, Oecologia, 131, 8–19,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-001-0855-7, 2002.
Zeng, X. and Decker, M.: Improving the numerical solution of soil
moisture–based Richards equation for land models with a deep or shallow
water table, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 308–319, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JHM1011.1,
2009.
Zhang, H., Pak, B., Wang, Y. P., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, L.:
Evaluating surface water cycle simulated by the Australian Community Land
Surface Model (CABLE) across Different Spatial and Temporal Domains, J.
Hydrometeorol., 14, 1119–1138, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-0123.1, 2013.
Zhou, S., Williams, A. P., Berg, A. M., Cook, B. I., Zhang, Y., Hagemann,
S., Lorenz, R., Seneviratne, S. I., and Gentine, P.: Land–atmosphere
feedbacks exacerbate concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 18848–18853, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904955116, 2019.
Zipper, S. C., Keune, J., and Kollet, S. J.: Land use change impacts on
European heat and drought: remote land-atmosphere feedbacks mitigated
locally by shallow groundwater, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 044012,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0db3, 2019.
Short summary
Groundwater can buffer the impacts of drought and heatwaves on ecosystems, which is often neglected in model studies. Using a land surface model with groundwater, we explained how groundwater sustains transpiration and eases heat pressure on plants in heatwaves during multi-year droughts. Our results showed the groundwater’s influences diminish as drought extends and are regulated by plant physiology. We suggest neglecting groundwater in models may overstate projected future heatwave intensity.
Groundwater can buffer the impacts of drought and heatwaves on ecosystems, which is often...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint