Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-495-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-495-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review
| Highlight paper
| 
08 May 2026
Review | Highlight paper |
| 08 May 2026
| 08 May 2026
Developing Guidelines for working with Multi-Model Ensembles in CMIP
Anja Katzenberger
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Potsdam University, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
Climate Analytics, 10969 Berlin, Germany
Jhayron S. Pérez-Carrasquilla
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Department, University of Maryland, College Park, 20740, United States
Keighan Gemmell
Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Evgenia Galytska
University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Christine Leclerc
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695547, India
Indrani Roy
University College London (UCL), Earth Science Department, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Arianna Varuolo-Clarke
Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
Milica Tošić
Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
Nina Črnivec
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
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Editorial statement
Multi-model ensembles (MMEs) are widely used in climate science to quantify uncertainty. Yet, assembling an appropriate MME is fraught with challenges. Ensembles that are incorrectly assembled can do more harm than good. This article provides practical suggestions on developing MMEs. It will be a valuable resource for climate scientists wishing to use MMEs to address a wide range of questions related to climate and climate change.
Multi-model ensembles (MMEs) are widely used in climate science to quantify uncertainty. Yet,...
Short summary
Multi-model ensembles are a key approach in climate model analysis, but their use involves many complex considerations. In this work, we review relevant literature and synthesize existing studies to contribute to the development of guidelines for designing and conducting ensemble analyses. This is complemented by a collection of useful resources and a discussion of emerging trends, supported by statistics tracing the number of publications.
Multi-model ensembles are a key approach in climate model analysis, but their use involves many...
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