Articles | Volume 17, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-291-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-291-2026
Research article
 | 
16 Mar 2026
Research article |  | 16 Mar 2026

Emerging global freshwater challenges unveiled through observation-constrained projections

Fei Huo, Yanping Li, and Zhenhua Li

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Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse

Peer review completion

AR – Author's response | RR – Referee report | ED – Editor decision | EF – Editorial file upload
ED: Reconsider after major revisions (23 Dec 2025) by Christian Franzke
AR by Fei Huo on behalf of the Authors (21 Jan 2026)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (22 Jan 2026) by Christian Franzke
RR by Anonymous Referee #1 (05 Feb 2026)
RR by Anonymous Referee #2 (09 Feb 2026)
ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (22 Feb 2026) by Christian Franzke
AR by Fei Huo on behalf of the Authors (23 Feb 2026)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Publish as is (24 Feb 2026) by Christian Franzke
AR by Fei Huo on behalf of the Authors (24 Feb 2026)
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Short summary
In this study, we find that global freshwater storage on land (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) will likely decrease much more than raw models suggest – about 83 millimeters less water by 2100. This means that earlier studies may have overestimated future water availability. When we correct the models using observations, the results consistently show significant declines in freshwater, which could worsen water stress worldwide if demand continues to grow.
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