Articles | Volume 17, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-1341-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-1341-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
25 Sep 2026
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 25 Sep 2026
| 25 Sep 2026
Assessing Earth system responses in mitigation scenarios with activity-driven simulation of carbon dioxide removal
NORCE Climate & Environment, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Leon Merfort
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Nico Bauer
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Raffaele Bernardello
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
Momme Butenschön
CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Bologna, Italy
Timothée Bourgeois
NORCE Climate & Environment, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Matthew J. Gidden
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Shraddha Gupta
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Hanna Lee
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Nadine Mengis
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Yiannis Moustakis
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Imperial College London, London, UK
Helene Muri
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
NILU, Kjeller, Norway
Lars Nieradzik
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Daniele Peano
CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Bologna, Italy
Julia Pongratz
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Pascal Sauer
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Etienne Tourigny
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
David Wårlind
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Latest update: 14 Oct 2026
Editorial statement
This paper is a very timely contribution that can be expected to be of broad interest to the Earth System Modelling and Integrated Assessment Modelling community. It deals with the topic of how to accurately assess the Earth system responses to Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods. It proposes approaches to create a no-CDR baseline against which the Earth system effects of activity-driven CDR can be evaluated, as well as a framework to quantify the direct effect of CDR on atmospheric carbon dioxide as well as the resulting feedbacks. Such a framework is essential for assessing the efficiency of activity-driven CDR in emissions-driven simulations, such as those proposed for CMIP7.
This paper is a very timely contribution that can be expected to be of broad interest to the...
Short summary
Earth system models can simulate CO2 removal by representing the activity that draws down atmospheric CO2, e.g. growing bioenergy crops for energy production with carbon capture and storage or enhancing the oceans’ alkalinity. We describe a simulation framework, spanning the modeling chain from integrated assessment to Earth system models, that allows separating the intrinsic efficiency of CO2 removal and the overall atmospheric CO2 reduction, the latter being affected by Earth system feedbacks.
Earth system models can simulate CO2 removal by representing the activity that draws down...
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