Earth System Dynamics
Earth System Dynamics
ESD
Articles | Volume 16, issue 3
Articles | Volume 16, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-703-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-703-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 16, issue 3
Research article
 | 
21 May 2025
Research article |  | 21 May 2025

Nonlinear causal dependencies as a signature of the complexity of the climate dynamics

Stéphane Vannitsem, X. San Liang, and Carlos A. Pires

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Short summary
Large-scale modes of variability are present in the climate system. These modes are known to have influences on each other but are usually viewed as linear influences. The nonlinear connections among a set of key climate indices are explored here using tools from information theory, which allow us to characterize the causality between indices. It was found that quadratic nonlinear dependencies between climate indices are present at low frequencies, reflecting the complex nature of their dynamics.
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