Articles | Volume 16, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-703-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-703-2025
Research article
 | 
21 May 2025
Research article |  | 21 May 2025

Nonlinear causal dependencies as a signature of the complexity of the climate dynamics

Stéphane Vannitsem, X. San Liang, and Carlos A. Pires

Data sets

Climate Indices: Monthly Atmospheric and Ocean Time Series NOAA https://psl.noaa.gov/data/climateindices/list/

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Short summary
Large-scale modes of variability are present in the climate system. These modes are known to have influences on each other but are usually viewed as linear influences. The nonlinear connections among a set of key climate indices are explored here using tools from information theory, which allow us to characterize the causality between indices. It was found that quadratic nonlinear dependencies between climate indices are present at low frequencies, reflecting the complex nature of their dynamics.
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