Articles | Volume 16, issue 5 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1671-2025
                    © Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1671-2025
                    © Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Sensitivity of winter Arctic amplification in NorESM2
                                            Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
                                        
                                    Jerry Tjiputra
                                            NORCE Research AS, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Ada Gjermundsen
                                            Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
                                        
                                    Andreas Born
                                            Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Jens Boldingh Debernard
                                            Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
                                        
                                    Heiko Goelzer
                                            NORCE Research AS, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Yan-Chun He
                                            Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Petra Margaretha Langebroek
                                            NORCE Research AS, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Aleksi Nummelin
                                            NORCE Research AS, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
                                        
                                    Dirk Olivié
                                            Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
                                        
                                    Øyvind Seland
                                            Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
                                        
                                    Trude Storelvmo
                                            Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
                                        
                                    Mats Bentsen
                                            NORCE Research AS, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Chuncheng Guo
                                            NORCE Research AS, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            National Centre for Climate Research, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
                                        
                                    Andrea Rosendahl
                                            Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Geophysical Institute,  University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Dandan Tao
                                            Geophysical Institute,  University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Thomas Toniazzo
                                            NORCE Research AS, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Camille Li
                                            Geophysical Institute,  University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Stephen Outten
                                            Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Michael Schulz
                                            Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
                                        
                                    
                                            Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
                                        
                                    Model code and software
NorESM2 source code as used for CMIP6 simulations (includes additional experimental setups, extended model documentation, automated inputdata download, restructuring of BLOM/iHAMOCC input data) Ø. Seland et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3905091
Short summary
                    The magnitude of future Arctic amplification is highly uncertain. Using the Norwegian Earth System Model, we explore the effect of improving the representation of clouds, ocean eddies, the Greenland ice sheet, sea ice, and ozone on the projected Arctic winter warming in a coordinated experiment set. These improvements all lead to enhanced projected Arctic warming, with the largest changes found in the sea ice retreat regions and the largest uncertainty found on the Atlantic side.
                    The magnitude of future Arctic amplification is highly uncertain. Using the Norwegian Earth...
                    
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