Response of ice sheets, sea-ice and sea level in climate stabilisation and reversibility simulations using a state-of-the-art Earth System Model

Smith, Robin S.; Bilge, Tarkan A.; Bracegirdle, Thomas J.; Holland, Paul R.; Kuhlbrodt, Till; Lang, Charlotte; Liddicoat, Spencer; Mitcham, Tom; Mulcahy, Jane; Naughten, Kaitlin A.; Orr, Andrew; Palmieri, Julien; Payne, Antony J.; Rumbold, Steven; Stringer, Marc; Swaminathan, Ranjini; Taylor, Sarah; Walton, Jeremy; Jones, Colin

doi:10.5194/esd-17-475-2026

Articles | Volume 17, issue 3

https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-475-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-475-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 17, issue 3

Research article

|

06 May 2026

Research article |

| 06 May 2026

Response of ice sheets, sea-ice and sea level in climate stabilisation and reversibility simulations using a state-of-the-art Earth System Model

Robin S. Smith, Tarkan A. Bilge, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Paul R. Holland, Till Kuhlbrodt, Charlotte Lang, Spencer Liddicoat, Tom Mitcham, Jane Mulcahy, Kaitlin A. Naughten, Andrew Orr, Julien Palmieri, Antony J. Payne, Steven Rumbold, Marc Stringer, Ranjini Swaminathan, Sarah Taylor, Jeremy Walton, and Colin Jones

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Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Sep 2025	822	39	9	870
Oct 2025	417	159	21	597
Nov 2025	250	179	28	457
Dec 2025	198	360	18	576
Jan 2026	402	336	18	756
Feb 2026	151	125	9	285
Mar 2026	154	121	4	279
Apr 2026	80	67	2	149
May 2026	1	0	1

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Short summary

There is a dangerous amount of uncertainty in our predictions of climate change in polar regions because some of feedbacks that might lead to changes that are too rapid for us to adapt to, or that cannot be reversed. We have run a set of simulations with a state-of-the-art Earth System Model that helps improve our understanding of how climate in these regions might change. Some of the aspects we investigate are reversible but many are not, especially those affecting ice sheets and sea level.


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