Earth System Dynamics
Earth System Dynamics
ESD
Articles | Volume 17, issue 1
Articles | Volume 17, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-199-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-199-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 17, issue 1
Perspective
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26 Feb 2026
Perspective | Highlight paper |  | 26 Feb 2026

Challenges and opportunities for understanding societal impacts of climate extremes

Gabriele Messori, Emily Boyd, Joakim Nivre, and Elena Raffetti

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Understanding impacts of climate extremes holds enormous societal and economic value, and is a key step towards climate resilience and adaptation. Notwithstanding recent advances in the field, there are unique challenges which hinder progress beyond the current state-of-the-art. This paper outlines three key challenges and identifies opportunities to address them, providing a pathway to advance interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral research on societal impacts of climate extremes.
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Understanding impacts of climate extremes is very important for society and the economy. We identify three challenges restricting this understanding: limited availability and quality of impact data, difficulties in understanding why given impacts occur and lack of reliable projections of future impacts. We also identify key opportunities, including newly released datasets, recent methodological and technical advances and interdisciplinary collaborations between the social and natural sciences.
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