Articles | Volume 16, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1103-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1103-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jul 2025
Research article |
| 17 Jul 2025
| 17 Jul 2025
Earth's future climate and its variability simulated at 9 km global resolution
Ja-Yeon Moon
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Jan Streffing
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Paleoclimate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Department of Mathematics & Logistics, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
Sun-Seon Lee
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Tido Semmler
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Research and Applications Division, Met Éireann, 65-67 Glasnevin Hill, D09 Y921, Dublin, Ireland
Miguel Andrés-Martínez
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
High-Performance Computing and Data Processing Group, Scientific Computing Department, Computing and Data Centre, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Jiao Chen
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Eun-Byeoul Cho
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Jung-Eun Chu
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Christian L. E. Franzke
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Department of Integrated Climate System Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Jan P. Gärtner
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Rohit Ghosh
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Jan Hegewald
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Development Department, Gauß-IT-Zentrum, Braunschweig University of Technology (GITZ), Braunschweig, Germany
Songyee Hong
SSG International ISG Services, Lenovo Global Technology Korea LLC, Seoul, 06141, Republic of Korea
Dae-Won Kim
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Nikolay Koldunov
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
June-Yi Lee
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Department of Integrated Climate System Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Zihao Lin
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
Svetlana N. Loza
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Wonsun Park
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Department of Integrated Climate System Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Woncheol Roh
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Dmitry V. Sein
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Paleoclimate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
Sahil Sharma
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Dmitry Sidorenko
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Jun-Hyeok Son
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Climate Prediction Division, Korea Meteorological Administration, Daejeon, 35208, Republic of Korea
Malte F. Stuecker
Department of Oceanography and International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa, Honolulu, 96822, USA
Qiang Wang
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Gyuseok Yi
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Department of Climate System, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Martina Zapponini
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Climate Dynamics Department, Climate Sciences Division, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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Latest update: 18 Jul 2025
Short summary
Based on a series of storm-resolving greenhouse warming simulations conducted with the AWI-CM3 model at 9 km global atmosphere and 4–25 km ocean resolution, we present new projections of regional climate change, modes of climate variability, and extreme events. The 10-year-long high-resolution simulations for the 2000s, 2030s, 2060s, and 2090s were initialized from a coarser-resolution transient run (31 km atmosphere) which follows the SSP5-8.5 greenhouse gas emission scenario from 1950–2100 CE.
Based on a series of storm-resolving greenhouse warming simulations conducted with the AWI-CM3...
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