Articles | Volume 15, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-191-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-191-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
13 Mar 2024
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 13 Mar 2024
| 13 Mar 2024
Hemispherically symmetric strategies for stratospheric aerosol injection
Yan Zhang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Douglas G. MacMartin
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Daniele Visioni
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Ewa M. Bednarz
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Ben Kravitz
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Cited
23 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Efficacy assessment of stratospheric aerosol scrubbing as a counter climate intervention strategy A. Jones et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7589-2026
- A Climate Intervention Dynamical Emulator (CIDER) for scenario space exploration J. Farley et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1809-2026
- Kicking the can down the road: understanding the effects of delaying the deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection E. Brody et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad53f3
- Identifying Climate Impacts From Different Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Strategies in UKESM1 A. Wells et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF004358
- G6-1.5K-MCB: Marine Cloud Brightening scenario design for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) in CESM2.1, E3SMv2.0, and UKESM1.1 H. Hirasawa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3257-2026
- The global climate response to High-Latitude Low-Altitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (HiLLA-SAI) A. Duffey et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-353-2026
- Energetic constraints on tropical precipitation changes under stratospheric aerosol geoengineering: a topical review A. Xavier et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae6714
- Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to stratospheric aerosol injection strategies M. Hack et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-20447-2
- Climate response to stratospheric aerosol injection during the Harmattan season in West Africa F. Nkrumah et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/adaa0c
- Divergent impacts of climate interventions on China’s north-south water divide X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02708-0
- Injection near the stratopause mitigates the stratospheric side effects of sulfur-based climate intervention P. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18449-2025
- G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
- South Asian Summer Monsoon under stratospheric aerosol intervention A. Asutosh et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00875-z
- Low‐Altitude High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Is Feasible With Existing Aircraft A. Duffey et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005567
- Using optimization tools to explore stratospheric aerosol injection strategies E. Brody et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1325-2025
- Accounting for transience in the baseline climate state changes the surface climate response attributed to stratospheric aerosol injection A. Duffey & P. Irvine https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f91
- Projected temperature and precipitation extremes over Tanzania under stratospheric SO2 injection T. Patel et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae4920
- G6-1.5K-SAI and G6sulfur: changes in impacts and uncertainty depending on stratospheric aerosol injection strategy in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project W. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7463-2026
- Key Gaps in Models' Physical Representation of Climate Intervention and Its Impacts S. Eastham et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004872
- A mathematical modelling for solar irradiance reduction of sunshades and some near-future albedo modification approaches for mitigation of global warming B. Alagoz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2024.106337
- How does the latitude of stratospheric aerosol injection affect the climate in UKESM1? M. Henry et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13253-2024
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol injection: a regional case study S. Cohen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1582747
- Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention experiment for the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative S. Tilmes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6001-2025
23 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Efficacy assessment of stratospheric aerosol scrubbing as a counter climate intervention strategy A. Jones et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7589-2026
- A Climate Intervention Dynamical Emulator (CIDER) for scenario space exploration J. Farley et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1809-2026
- Kicking the can down the road: understanding the effects of delaying the deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection E. Brody et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad53f3
- Identifying Climate Impacts From Different Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Strategies in UKESM1 A. Wells et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF004358
- G6-1.5K-MCB: Marine Cloud Brightening scenario design for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) in CESM2.1, E3SMv2.0, and UKESM1.1 H. Hirasawa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3257-2026
- The global climate response to High-Latitude Low-Altitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (HiLLA-SAI) A. Duffey et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-353-2026
- Energetic constraints on tropical precipitation changes under stratospheric aerosol geoengineering: a topical review A. Xavier et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae6714
- Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to stratospheric aerosol injection strategies M. Hack et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-20447-2
- Climate response to stratospheric aerosol injection during the Harmattan season in West Africa F. Nkrumah et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/adaa0c
- Divergent impacts of climate interventions on China’s north-south water divide X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02708-0
- Injection near the stratopause mitigates the stratospheric side effects of sulfur-based climate intervention P. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18449-2025
- G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
- South Asian Summer Monsoon under stratospheric aerosol intervention A. Asutosh et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00875-z
- Low‐Altitude High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Is Feasible With Existing Aircraft A. Duffey et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005567
- Using optimization tools to explore stratospheric aerosol injection strategies E. Brody et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1325-2025
- Accounting for transience in the baseline climate state changes the surface climate response attributed to stratospheric aerosol injection A. Duffey & P. Irvine https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f91
- Projected temperature and precipitation extremes over Tanzania under stratospheric SO2 injection T. Patel et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae4920
- G6-1.5K-SAI and G6sulfur: changes in impacts and uncertainty depending on stratospheric aerosol injection strategy in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project W. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7463-2026
- Key Gaps in Models' Physical Representation of Climate Intervention and Its Impacts S. Eastham et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004872
- A mathematical modelling for solar irradiance reduction of sunshades and some near-future albedo modification approaches for mitigation of global warming B. Alagoz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2024.106337
- How does the latitude of stratospheric aerosol injection affect the climate in UKESM1? M. Henry et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13253-2024
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol injection: a regional case study S. Cohen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1582747
- Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention experiment for the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative S. Tilmes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6001-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 07 Jun 2026
Editorial statement
This study provides an intercomparison of different Stratospheric Aerosol Injection strategies. The strategy choice affects the distribution of aerosol optical depth, the injection efficiency and, crucially, the surface climate response. These results lay the foundation for future trade-off analyses and design strategy optimization.
This study provides an intercomparison of different Stratospheric Aerosol Injection strategies....
Short summary
Injecting SO2 into the lower stratosphere can temporarily reduce global mean temperature and mitigate some risks associated with climate change, but injecting it at different latitudes and seasons would have different impacts. This study introduces new stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) strategies and explores the importance of the choice of SAI strategy, demonstrating that it notably affects the distribution of aerosol cloud, injection efficiency, and various surface climate impacts.
Injecting SO2 into the lower stratosphere can temporarily reduce global mean temperature and...
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