Articles | Volume 13, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-201-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-201-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
How large is the design space for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering?
Yan Zhang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Douglas G. MacMartin
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Daniele Visioni
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Ben Kravitz
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Cited
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Public perceptions on solar geoengineering from focus groups in 22 countries S. Low et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01518-0
- Strategic logic of unilateral climate intervention C. Bell & P. Keys 10.1088/1748-9326/acf94b
- How may solar geoengineering impact global prospects for climate change mitigation? K. Ricke & A. Harding 10.1093/oxrep/grad044
- Using optimization tools to explore stratospheric aerosol injection strategies E. Brody et al. 10.5194/esd-16-1325-2025
- Injection strategy – a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering E. Bednarz et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13665-2023
- Scenarios for modeling solar radiation modification D. MacMartin et al. 10.1073/pnas.2202230119
- Hemispherically symmetric strategies for stratospheric aerosol injection Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/esd-15-191-2024
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-663-2023
- An investigation of the relationship between tropical monsoon precipitation changes and stratospheric sulfate aerosol optical depth A. Xavier et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgae016
- How large is the design space for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering? Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/esd-13-201-2022
- Assessing Outcomes in Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Scenarios Shortly After Deployment D. Hueholt et al. 10.1029/2023EF003488
- Solar Geoengineering in the Polar Regions: A Review A. Duffey et al. 10.1029/2023EF003679
- Undone science in climate interventions: Contrasting and contesting anticipatory assessments by expert networks S. Low et al. 10.1016/j.envsci.2022.08.026
- Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with stratospheric aerosol injection (ARISE-SAI): protocol and initial results from the first simulations J. Richter et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-8221-2022
- How large is the design space for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering? Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/esd-13-201-2022
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Public perceptions on solar geoengineering from focus groups in 22 countries S. Low et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01518-0
- Strategic logic of unilateral climate intervention C. Bell & P. Keys 10.1088/1748-9326/acf94b
- How may solar geoengineering impact global prospects for climate change mitigation? K. Ricke & A. Harding 10.1093/oxrep/grad044
- Using optimization tools to explore stratospheric aerosol injection strategies E. Brody et al. 10.5194/esd-16-1325-2025
- Injection strategy – a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering E. Bednarz et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13665-2023
- Scenarios for modeling solar radiation modification D. MacMartin et al. 10.1073/pnas.2202230119
- Hemispherically symmetric strategies for stratospheric aerosol injection Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/esd-15-191-2024
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-663-2023
- An investigation of the relationship between tropical monsoon precipitation changes and stratospheric sulfate aerosol optical depth A. Xavier et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgae016
- How large is the design space for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering? Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/esd-13-201-2022
- Assessing Outcomes in Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Scenarios Shortly After Deployment D. Hueholt et al. 10.1029/2023EF003488
- Solar Geoengineering in the Polar Regions: A Review A. Duffey et al. 10.1029/2023EF003679
- Undone science in climate interventions: Contrasting and contesting anticipatory assessments by expert networks S. Low et al. 10.1016/j.envsci.2022.08.026
- Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with stratospheric aerosol injection (ARISE-SAI): protocol and initial results from the first simulations J. Richter et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-8221-2022
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 30 Aug 2025
Short summary
Adding SO2 to the stratosphere could temporarily cool the planet by reflecting more sunlight back to space. However, adding SO2 at different latitude(s) and season(s) leads to significant differences in regional surface climate. This study shows that, to cool the planet by 1–1.5 °C, there are likely six to eight choices of injection latitude(s) and season(s) that lead to meaningfully different distributions of climate impacts.
Adding SO2 to the stratosphere could temporarily cool the planet by reflecting more sunlight...
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