Earth System Dynamics
Earth System Dynamics
ESD
Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-451-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-451-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
Research article
 | Highlight paper
 | 
06 May 2026
Research article | Highlight paper |  | 06 May 2026

Quantification of the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors on the record-high temperatures in 2023 and 2024

Endre Z. Farago, Laura A. McBride, Brian F. Bennett, Austin P. Hope, Timothy P. Canty, and Ross J. Salawitch

Viewed

Total article views: 1,870 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
HTML PDF XML Total Supplement BibTeX EndNote
1,053 753 64 1,870 168 40 49
  • HTML: 1,053
  • PDF: 753
  • XML: 64
  • Total: 1,870
  • Supplement: 168
  • BibTeX: 40
  • EndNote: 49
Views and downloads (calculated since 06 Nov 2025)
Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 06 Nov 2025)

Viewed (geographical distribution)

Total article views: 1,870 (including HTML, PDF, and XML) Thereof 1,870 with geography defined and 0 with unknown origin.
Country # Views %
  • 1
1
 
 
 
 
Latest update: 06 May 2026
Download
Editorial statement
This is a topic of strong interest to the general public, with several explanations for the warm conditions having been suggested. The paper makes a very useful and novel contribution through its attribution of much of the warm anomaly to a combination of individual anthropogenic and natural factors and the suggestion of a significant contribution from the Indian Ocean Dipole.
Read more
Short summary
Global mean surface temperature anomalies in 2023 and 2024 were the highest on the modern record. We quantify contributions to these anomalies from human activity, including the steep reduction in sulfur emissions from ships that began in 2020, and numerous natural factors. We attribute about 92% of the observed anomalies to a combination of various human-induced and natural factors, including important contributions from the reduction in marine sulfur emissions and the Indian Ocean Dipole.
Read more
Share
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint