Earth System Dynamics
Earth System Dynamics
ESD
Articles | Volume 16, issue 5
Articles | Volume 16, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1759-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1759-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 16, issue 5
Research article
 | 
16 Oct 2025
Research article |  | 16 Oct 2025

Intensity and dynamics of extreme cold spells of the 21st century in France from CMIP6 data

Camille Cadiou and Pascal Yiou

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Short summary
Cold spells affect healthcare and energy systems. Global warming is expected to reduce the amplitude and frequency of these climate extremes. We show that the intense cold spells of the 20th century will become nearly impossible in France by the end of the 21st century for high warming levels. We also demonstrate that events in France as intense as that in 1985 may still occur in the near future. These events are linked to specific atmospheric patterns that bring cold air from high latitudes into Europe.
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