Articles | Volume 14, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-1183-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-1183-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Nov 2023
Research article |
| 17 Nov 2023
| 17 Nov 2023
The effects of diachronous surface uplift of the European Alps on regional climate and the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation
Daniel Boateng
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Sebastian G. Mutz
Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, Glasgow, UK
Armelle Ballian
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Maud J. M. Meijers
Department of Earth Sciences, NAWI Graz Geocenter, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Katharina Methner
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Geophysics and Geology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Svetlana Botsyun
Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Andreas Mulch
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Todd A. Ehlers
Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, Glasgow, UK
Related authors
Daniel Boateng and Sebastian G. Mutz
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6479–6514, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6479-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6479-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an open-source Python framework for performing empirical-statistical downscaling of climate information, such as precipitation. The user-friendly package comprises all the downscaling cycles including data preparation, model selection, training, and evaluation, designed in an efficient and flexible manner, allowing for quick and reproducible downscaling products. The framework would contribute to climate change impact assessments by generating accurate high-resolution climate data.
Mirjam Schaller, Daniel Peifer, Alexander B. Neely, Thomas Bernard, Christoph Glotzbach, Alexander R. Beer, and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 571–591, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-571-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-571-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports chemical weathering, physical erosion, and denudation rates from river load data in the Swabian Alb, southwestern Germany. Tributaries to the Neckar River draining to the north show higher rates than tributaries draining to the southeast into the Danube River, causing a retreat of the Swabian Alb escarpment. Observations are discussed in light of anthropogenic impact, lithology, and topography. The data are further compared to other rates over space and time and to global data.
Armelle Ballian, Maud J. M. Meijers, Isabelle Cojan, Damien Huyghe, Miguel Bernecker, Katharina Methner, Mattia Tagliavento, Jens Fiebig, and Andreas Mulch
Clim. Past, 21, 841–856, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-841-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-841-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
During the Middle Miocene, the Earth transitioned from a warm to a colder period, significantly impacting ecosystems and climate. We present a 23–13 Ma climate record of soil carbonates from a northern Mediterranean basin. We propose that rapid temperature shifts in our data result from changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. Our climate record aligns well with contemporaneous terrestrial European and global marine records, enhancing our understanding of Miocene climate dynamics.
Maud J. M. Meijers, Tamás Mikes, Bora Rojay, H. Evren Çubukçu, Erkan Aydar, Tina Lüdecke, and Andreas Mulch
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-80, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-80, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
C4 grassland expansion during Late Miocene Cooling caused profound global ecosystem changes. However, C4 biomass expansion in western Eurasia is poorly documented. Our δ13C record shows the simultaneous Late Miocene emergence of C4 vegetation in Anatolia and S Asia. However, Anatolia is the only region on Earth where C4 biomass largely disappeared during the Early Pliocene. We suggest a warm-to-cold season shift in rainfall led to C3 biomass return and impacted large mammal populations.
Christoph Glotzbach and Todd A. Ehlers
Geochronology, 6, 697–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-697-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-697-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The (U–Th–Sm) / He dating method helps understand the cooling history of rocks. Synthetic modelling experiments were conducted to explore factors affecting in situ vs. whole-grain (U–Th) / He dates. In situ dates are often 30 % older than whole-grain dates, whereas very rapid cooling makes helium loss negligible, resulting in similar whole-grain and in situ dates. In addition, in situ data can reveal cooling histories even from a single grain by measuring helium distributions.
Veronica Peverelli, Alfons Berger, Martin Wille, Thomas Pettke, Benita Putlitz, Andreas Mulch, Edwin Gnos, and Marco Herwegh
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 879–898, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-879-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-879-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used U–Pb dating and Pb–Sr–O–H isotopes of hydrothermal epidote to characterize fluid circulation in the Aar Massif (central Swiss Alps). Our data support the hypothesis that Permian fluids exploited syn-rift extensional faults. In the Miocene during the Alpine orogeny, fluid sources were meteoric, sedimentary, and/or metamorphic water. Likely, Miocene shear zones were exploited for fluid circulation, with implications for the Sr isotope budget of the granitoids.
Konstantina Agiadi, Iuliana Vasiliev, Geanina Butiseacă, George Kontakiotis, Danae Thivaiou, Evangelia Besiou, Stergios Zarkogiannis, Efterpi Koskeridou, Assimina Antonarakou, and Andreas Mulch
Biogeosciences, 21, 3869–3881, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seven million years ago, the marine gateway connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean started to close, and, as a result, water circulation ceased. To find out how this phenomenon affected the fish living in the Mediterranean Sea, we examined the changes in the isotopic composition of otoliths of two common fish species. Although the species living at the surface fared pretty well, the bottom-water fish starved and eventually became extinct in the Mediterranean.
Hemanti Sharma and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1161–1181, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonality in precipitation (P) and vegetation (V) influences catchment erosion (E), although which factor plays the dominant role is unclear. In this study, we performed a sensitivity analysis of E to P–V seasonality through numerical modeling. Our results suggest that P variations strongly influence seasonal variations in E, while the effect of seasonal V variations is secondary but significant. This is more pronounced in moderate and least pronounced in extreme environmental settings.
Daniel Boateng and Sebastian G. Mutz
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6479–6514, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6479-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6479-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an open-source Python framework for performing empirical-statistical downscaling of climate information, such as precipitation. The user-friendly package comprises all the downscaling cycles including data preparation, model selection, training, and evaluation, designed in an efficient and flexible manner, allowing for quick and reproducible downscaling products. The framework would contribute to climate change impact assessments by generating accurate high-resolution climate data.
Hemanti Sharma, Sebastian G. Mutz, and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 997–1015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-997-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-997-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate global changes in frost cracking intensity (FCI) using process-based models for four time slices in the late Cenozoic ranging from the Pliocene (∼ 3 Ma) to pre-industrial (∼ 1850 CE, PI). For all time slices, results indicate that FCI was most prevalent in middle to high latitudes and high-elevation lower-latitude areas such as Tibet. Larger deviations (relative to PI) were observed in colder (LGM) and warmer climates (Pliocene) due to differences in temperature and glaciation.
Olaf Klaus Lenz, Mara Montag, Volker Wilde, Katharina Methner, Walter Riegel, and Andreas Mulch
Clim. Past, 18, 2231–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2231-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2231-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe different carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) in an upper Paleocene to lower Eocene lignite succession (Schöningen, DE). The combination with a new stratigraphic framework allows for a correlation of distinct CIEs with long- and short-term thermal events of the last natural greenhouse period on Earth. Furthermore, changes in the peat-forming wetland vegetation are correlated with a CIE that can be can be related to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM).
Astrid Oetting, Emma C. Smith, Jan Erik Arndt, Boris Dorschel, Reinhard Drews, Todd A. Ehlers, Christoph Gaedicke, Coen Hofstede, Johann P. Klages, Gerhard Kuhn, Astrid Lambrecht, Andreas Läufer, Christoph Mayer, Ralf Tiedemann, Frank Wilhelms, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 16, 2051–2066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines a variety of geophysical measurements in front of and beneath the Ekström Ice Shelf in order to identify and interpret geomorphological evidences of past ice sheet flow, extent and retreat.
The maximal extent of grounded ice in this region was 11 km away from the continental shelf break.
The thickness of palaeo-ice on the calving front around the LGM was estimated to be at least 305 to 320 m.
We provide essential boundary conditions for palaeo-ice-sheet models.
Andrea Madella, Christoph Glotzbach, and Todd A. Ehlers
Geochronology, 4, 177–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-177-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-177-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cooling ages date the time at which minerals cross a certain isotherm on the way up to Earth's surface. Such ages can be measured from bedrock material and river sand. If spatial variations in bedrock ages are known in a river catchment, the spatial distribution of erosion can be inferred from the distribution of the ages measured from the river sand grains. Here we develop a new tool to help such analyses, with particular emphasis on quantifying uncertainties due to sample size.
Mirjam Schaller and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 131–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-131-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-131-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil production, chemical weathering, and physical erosion rates from the large climate and vegetation gradient of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (26 to 38° S) are investigated. Rates are generally lowest in the sparsely vegetated and arid north, increase southward toward the Mediterranean climate, and then decrease slightly, or possible stay the same, further south in the temperate humid zone. This trend is compared with global data from similar soil-mantled hillslopes in granitic lithologies.
Emilija Krsnik, Katharina Methner, Marion Campani, Svetlana Botsyun, Sebastian G. Mutz, Todd A. Ehlers, Oliver Kempf, Jens Fiebig, Fritz Schlunegger, and Andreas Mulch
Solid Earth, 12, 2615–2631, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present new surface elevation constraints for the middle Miocene Central Alps based on stable and clumped isotope geochemical analyses. Our reconstructed paleoelevation estimate is supported by isotope-enabled paleoclimate simulations and indicates that the Miocene Central Alps were characterized by a heterogeneous and spatially transient topography with high elevations locally exceeding 4000 m.
Kirstin Übernickel, Jaime Pizarro-Araya, Susila Bhagavathula, Leandro Paulino, and Todd A. Ehlers
Biogeosciences, 18, 5573–5594, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Animal burrowing is important because it impacts the physical and chemical evolution of Earth’s surface. However, most studies are species specific, and compilations of animal community effects are missing. We present an inventory of the currently known 390 burrowing species for all of Chile along its climate gradient. We observed increasing amounts of excavated material from an area with dry conditions along a gradient towards more humid conditions.
Sean D. Willett, Frédéric Herman, Matthew Fox, Nadja Stalder, Todd A. Ehlers, Ruohong Jiao, and Rong Yang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1153–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1153-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1153-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The cooling climate of the last few million years leading into the ice ages has been linked to increasing erosion rates by glaciers. One of the ways to measure this is through mineral cooling ages. In this paper, we investigate potential bias in these data and the methods used to analyse them. We find that the data are not themselves biased but that appropriate methods must be used. Past studies have used appropriate methods and are sound in methodology.
Hemanti Sharma, Todd A. Ehlers, Christoph Glotzbach, Manuel Schmid, and Katja Tielbörger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1045–1072, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1045-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1045-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study effects of variable climate–vegetation with different uplift rates on erosion–sedimentation using a landscape evolution modeling approach. Results suggest that regardless of uplift rates, transients in precipitation–vegetation lead to transients in erosion rates in the same direction of change. Vegetation-dependent erosion and sedimentation are influenced by Milankovitch timescale changes in climate, but these transients are superimposed upon tectonically driven uplift rates.
Solmaz Mohadjer, Sebastian G. Mutz, Matthew Kemp, Sophie J. Gill, Anatoly Ischuk, and Todd A. Ehlers
Geosci. Commun., 4, 281–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lack of access to science-based natural hazards information impedes the effectiveness of school-based disaster risk reduction education. To address this challenge, we created and classroom tested a series of earthquake education videos that were co-taught by school teachers and Earth scientists in the UK and Tajikistan. Comparison of the results reveals significant differences between students' views on the Earth's interior and why and where earthquakes occur.
Mirjam Schaller, Igor Dal Bo, Todd A. Ehlers, Anja Klotzsche, Reinhard Drews, Juan Pablo Fuentes Espoz, and Jan van der Kruk
SOIL, 6, 629–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-629-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-629-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study geophysical observations from ground-penetrating radar with pedolith physical and geochemical properties from pedons excavated in four study areas of the climate and ecological gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera are combined. Findings suggest that profiles with ground-penetrating radar along hillslopes can be used to infer lateral thickness variations in pedolith horizons and to some degree physical and chemical variations with depth.
Clemens Schannwell, Reinhard Drews, Todd A. Ehlers, Olaf Eisen, Christoph Mayer, Mika Malinen, Emma C. Smith, and Hannes Eisermann
The Cryosphere, 14, 3917–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3917-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3917-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To reduce uncertainties associated with sea level rise projections, an accurate representation of ice flow is paramount. Most ice sheet models rely on simplified versions of the underlying ice flow equations. Due to the high computational costs, ice sheet models based on the complete ice flow equations have been restricted to < 1000 years. Here, we present a new model setup that extends the applicability of such models by an order of magnitude, permitting simulations of 40 000 years.
Cited articles
Allen, P. A.: From landscapes into geological history, Nature, 451, 274–276, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06586, 2008.
Antonelli, A., Kissling, W. D., Flantua, S. G. A., Bermúdez, M. A., Mulch, A., Muellner-Riehl, A. N., Kreft, H., Linder, H. P., Badgley, C., Fjeldså, J., Fritz, S. A., Rahbek, C., Herman, F., Hooghiemstra, H., and Hoorn, C.: Geological and climatic influences on mountain biodiversity, Nat. Geosci., 11, 718–725, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0236-z, 2018.
Baldini, L. M., McDermott, F., Foley, A. M., and Baldini, J. U. L.: Spatial variability in the European winter precipitation δ18O-NAO relationship: Implications for reconstructing NAO-mode climate variability in the Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04709, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032027, 2008.
Barnston, A. G. and Livezey, R. E.: Classification, Seasonality and Persistence of Low-Frequency Atmospheric Circulation Patterns, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 1083–1126, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115< 1083:CSAPOL>2.0.CO;2, 1987.
Bartolini, E., Claps, P., and D'Odorico, P.: Interannual variability of winter precipitation in the European Alps: relations with the North Atlantic Oscillation., Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 17–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-17-2009, 2009.
Bartosch, Stüwe, K., and Robl, J.: Topographic evolution of the Eastern Alps: The influence of strike-slip faulting activity, Lithosphere, 9, 384–398, https://doi.org/10.1130/L594.1, 2017.
Bastos, A., Janssens, I. A., Gouveia, C. M., Trigo, R. M., Ciais, P., Chevallier, F., Peñuelas, J., Rödenbeck, C., Piao, S., Friedlingstein, P., and Running, S. W.: European land CO2 sink influenced by NAO and East-Atlantic Pattern coupling, Nat. Commun., 7, 10315, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10315, 2016.
Bell, B., Hersbach, H., Simmons, A., Berrisford, P., Dahlgren, P., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Soci, C., Villaume, S., Bidlot, J.-R., Haimberger, L., Woollen, J., Buontempo, C., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis: Preliminary extension to 1950, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 4186–4227, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4174, 2021.
Beniston, M.: Mountain Climates and Climatic Change: An Overview of Processes Focusing on the European Alps, Pure Appl. Geophys., 162, 1587–1606, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-005-2684-9, 2005.
Boateng, D.: A functional based python module for processing, analysis and visualization of climate model output (pyClimat) (0.0.1), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7143044, 2022.
Boateng, D., Mutz, G. S., Ballian, A., Meijers, J. M. M., Methner, K., Botsyun, S., Mulch, A., and Ehlers, A. T.: Processed model output of the climate simulation in the study: The effects of diachronous surface uplift of the European Alps on regional climate and the isotopic composition of precipitation (δ18Op) [Boateng et al.] (1.0.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7143487, 2022.
Botsyun, S. and Ehlers, T. A.: How Can Climate Models Be Used in Paleoelevation Reconstructions?, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 624542, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.624542, 2021.
Botsyun, S., Ehlers, T. A., Koptev, A., Böhme, M., Methner, K., Risi, C., Stepanek, C., Mutz, S. G., Werner, M., Boateng, D., and Mulch, A.: Middle Miocene Climate and Stable Oxygen Isotopes in Europe Based on Numerical Modeling, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 37, e2022PA004442, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004442, 2022.
Botsyun, S., Sepulchre, P., Donnadieu, Y., Risi, C., Licht, A., and Caves Rugenstein, J. K.: Revised paleoaltimetry data show low Tibetan Plateau elevation during the Eocene, Science, 363, eaaq1436, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq1436, 2019.
Botsyun, S., Ehlers, T. A., Mutz, S. G., Methner, K., Krsnik, E., and Mulch, A.: Opportunities and Challenges for Paleoaltimetry in “Small” Orogens: Insights From the European Alps, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086046, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086046, 2020.
Breecker, D. O., Sharp, Z. D., and McFadden, L. D.: Seasonal bias in the formation and stable isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonate in modern soils from central New Mexico, USA, GSA Bull., 121, 630–640, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26413.1, 2009.
Campani, M., Mulch, A., Kempf, O., Schlunegger, F., and Mancktelow, N.: Miocene paleotopography of the Central Alps, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 337, 174–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.017, 2012.
Chafik, L., Nilsen, J., and Dangendorf, S.: Impact of North Atlantic Teleconnection Patterns on Northern European Sea Level, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 5, 43, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5030043, 2017.
Chamberlain, C. P., Poage, M. A., Craw, D., and Reynolds, R. C.: Topographic development of the Southern Alps recorded by the isotopic composition of authigenic clay minerals, South Island, New Zealand, Chem. Geol., 155, 279–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00165-X, 1999.
Chamberlain, C. P., Mix, H. T., Mulch, A., Hren, M. T., Kent-Corson, M. L., Davis, S. J., Horton, T. W., and Graham, S. A.: The Cenozoic climatic and topographic evolution of the western North American Cordillera, Am. J. Sci., 312, 213–262, https://doi.org/10.2475/02.2012.05, 2012.
Clark, M. K.: The Significance of Paleotopography, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 66, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2007.66.1, 2007.
Colle, B. A.: Sensitivity of Orographic Precipitation to Changing Ambient Conditions and Terrain Geometries: An Idealized Modeling Perspective, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 588–606, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061< 0588:SOOPTC>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Comas-Bru, L. and McDermott, F.: Impacts of the EA and SCA patterns on the European twentieth century NAO–winter climate relationship, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 354–363, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2158, 2014.
Comas-Bru, L., McDermott, F., and Werner, M.: The effect of the East Atlantic pattern on the precipitation δ18O-NAO relationship in Europe, Clim. Dynam., 47, 2059–2069, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2950-1, 2016.
Craig, P. M. and Allan, R. P.: The role of teleconnection patterns in the variability and trends of growing season indices across Europe, Int. J. Climatol., 42, 1072–1091, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7290, 2022.
Dansgaard, W.: Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, 16, 436–468, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v16i4.8993, 1964.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Deininger, M., Werner, M., and McDermott, F.: North Atlantic Oscillation controls on oxygen and hydrogen isotope gradients in winter precipitation across Europe; implications for palaeoclimate studies, Clim. Past, 12, 2127–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2127-2016, 2016.
Ding, L., Kapp, P., Cai, F., Garzione, C. N., Xiong, Z., Wang, H., and Wang, C.: Timing and mechanisms of Tibetan Plateau uplift, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00318-4, 2022.
Edwards, T. W. D., Birks, S. J., and Gibson, J. J.: Isotope tracers in global water and climate studies of the past and present, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), ISSN 1563-0153, 2002.
Ehlers, T. A. and Poulsen, C. J.: Influence of Andean uplift on climate and paleoaltimetry estimates, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 281, 238–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.026, 2009.
Fauquette, S., Bernet, M., Suc, J.-P., Grosjean, A.-S., Guillot, S., van der Beek, P., Jourdan, S., Popescu, S.-M., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Bertini, A., Pittet, B., Tricart, P., Dumont, T., Schwartz, S., Zheng, Z., Roche, E., Pavia, G., and Gardien, V.: Quantifying the Eocene to Pleistocene topographic evolution of the southwestern Alps, France and Italy, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 412, 220–234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.036, 2015.
Feng, R., Poulsen, C. J., Werner, M., Chamberlain, C. P., Mix, H. T., and Mulch, A.: Early Cenozoic evolution of topography, climate, and stable isotopes in precipitation in the North American Cordillera, Am. J. Sci., 313, 613–648, https://doi.org/10.2475/07.2013.01, 2013.
Feng, R. and Poulsen, C. J.: Refinement of Eocene lapse rates, fossil-leaf altimetry, and North American Cordilleran surface elevation estimates, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 436, 130–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.022, 2016.
Forest, C. E., Wolfe, J. A., Molnar, P., and Emanuel, K. A.: Paleoaltimetry incorporating atmospheric physics and botanical estimates of paleoclimate, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111, 497–511, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111< 0497:PIAPAB>2.3.CO;2, 1999.
Frisch, W.: Tectonic progradation and plate tectonic evolution of the Alps, Tectonophysics, 60, 121–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90155-0, 1979.
Gallagher, T. M., Hren, M., and Sheldon, N. D.: The effect of soil temperature seasonality on climate reconstructions from paleosols, Am. J. Sci., 319, 549–581, https://doi.org/10.2475/07.2019.02, 2019.
Garzione, C. N., Quade, J., DeCelles, P. G., and English, N. B.: Predicting paleoelevation of Tibet and the Himalaya from δ18O vs. altitude gradients in meteoric water across the Nepal Himalaya, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 183, 215–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00252-1, 2000.
Garzione, C. N., Hoke, G. D., Libarkin, J. C., Withers, S., MacFadden, B., Eiler, J., Ghosh, P., and Mulch, A.: Rise of the Andes, Science, 320, 1304–1307, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1148615, 2008.
Garzione, C. N., Auerbach, D. J., Jin-Sook Smith, J., Rosario, J. J., Passey, B. H., Jordan, T. E., and Eiler, J. M.: Clumped isotope evidence for diachronous surface cooling of the Altiplano and pulsed surface uplift of the Central Andes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 393, 173–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.02.029, 2014.
Gat, J. R.: Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in the Hydrologic Cycle, Annual Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 24, 225–262, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.225, 1996.
Gébelin, A., Mulch, A., Teyssier, C., Jessup, M. J., Law, R. D., and Brunel, M.: The Miocene elevation of Mount Everest, Geology, 41, 799–802, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34331.1, 2013.
Ghosh, P., Garzione, C. N., and Eiler, J. M.: Rapid Uplift of the Altiplano Revealed Through 13C–18O Bonds in Paleosol Carbonates, Science, 311, 511–515, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119365, 2006.
Giorgi, F., Hurrell, J. W., Marinucci, M. R., and Beniston, M.: Elevation Dependency of the Surface Climate Change Signal: A Model Study, J. Climate, 10, 288–296, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010< 0288:EDOTSC>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Grossman, R. L. and Durran, D. R.: Interaction of Low-Level Flow with the Western Ghat Mountains and Offshore Convection in the Summer Monsoon, Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 652–672, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112< 0652:IOLLFW>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
Hagemann, S., Arpe, K., and Roeckner, E.: Evaluation of the Hydrological Cycle in the ECHAM5 Model, J. Climate, 19, 3810–3827, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3831.1, 2006.
Handy, M. R., Ustaszewski, K., and Kissling, E.: Reconstructing the Alps–Carpathians–Dinarides as a key to understanding switches in subduction polarity, slab gaps and surface motion, Int. J. Earth. Sci., 104, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1060-3, 2015.
Hannachi, A., Jolliffe, I. T., and Stephenson, D. B.: Empirical orthogonal functions and related techniques in atmospheric science: A review, Int. J. Climatol., 27, 1119–1152, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1499, 2007.
Hergarten, S., Wagner, T., and Stüwe, K.: Age and Prematurity of the Alps Derived from Topography, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 297, 453–460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.048, 2010.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hoffmann, G., Werner, M., and Heimann, M.: Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: A study on timescales from days to several years, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16871–16896, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD00423, 1998.
Houze, R. A.: Orographic effects on precipitating clouds, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG1001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000365, 2012.
Huntington, K. W., Wernicke, B. P., and Eiler, J. M.: Influence of climate change and uplift on Colorado Plateau paleotemperatures from carbonate clumped isotope thermometry, Tectonics, 29, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002449, 2010.
Hurrell, J. W.: Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation, Science, 269, 676–679, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5224.676, 1995.
Hurrell, J. W. and Van Loon, H.: Decadal Variations in Climate Associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, in: Climatic Change at High Elevation Sites, edited by: Diaz, H. F., Beniston, M., and Bradley, R. S., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 69–94, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8905-5_ 4, 1997.
Huw Davies, J. and von Blanckenburg, F.: Slab breakoff: A model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 129, 85–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)00237-S, 1995.
Huyghe, D., Mouthereau, F., and Emmanuel, L.: Oxygen isotopes of marine mollusc shells record Eocene elevation change in the Pyrenees, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 345, 131–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.035, 2012.
Huyghe, D., Mouthereau, F., Sébilo, M., Vacherat, A., Ségalen, L., Richard, P., Biron, P., and Bariac, T.: Impact of topography, climate and moisture sources on isotopic composition (δ18O & δD) of rivers in the Pyrenees: Implications for topographic reconstructions in small orogens, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 484, 370–384, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.035, 2018.
Insel, N., Poulsen, C. J., and Ehlers, T. A.: Influence of the Andes Mountains on South American moisture transport, convection, and precipitation, Clim. Dynam., 35, 1477–1492, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0637-1, 2010.
Insel, N., Poulsen, C. J., Ehlers, T. A., and Sturm, C.: Response of meteoric δ18O to surface uplift – Implications for Cenozoic Andean Plateau growth, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 317, 262–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.039, 2012.
Ionita, M.: The Impact of the East Atlantic/Western Russia Pattern on the Hydroclimatology of Europe from Mid-Winter to Late Spring, Climate, 2, 296–309, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli2040296, 2014.
Josey, S. A.: Surface freshwater flux variability and recent freshening of the North Atlantic in the eastern subpolar gyre, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C05008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002521, 2005.
Kattel, D. B., Yao, T., Yang, W., Gao, Y., and Tian, L.: Comparison of temperature lapse rates from the northern to the southern slopes of the Himalayas, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 4431–4443, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4297, 2015.
Kelson, J. R., Huntington, K. W., Breecker, D. O., Burgener, L. K., Gallagher, T. M., Hoke, G. D., and Petersen, S. V.: A proxy for all seasons?, A synthesis of clumped isotope data from Holocene soil carbonates, Quat. Sci. Rev., 234, 106259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106259, 2020.
Kissling, E. and Schlunegger, F.: Rollback Orogeny Model for the Evolution of the Swiss Alps, Tectonics, 37, 1097–1115, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004762, 2018.
Kocsis, L., Vennemann, T. W., and Fontignie, D.: Migration of sharks into freshwater systems during the Miocene and implications for Alpine paleoelevation, Geology, 35, 451–454, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23404A.1, 2007.
Kohn, M. J. and Dettman, D. L.: Paleoaltimetry from Stable Isotope Compositions of Fossils, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 66, 119–154, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2007.66.5, 2007.
Krsnik, E., Methner, K., Campani, M., Botsyun, S., Mutz, S. G., Ehlers, T. A., Kempf, O., Fiebig, J., Schlunegger, F., and Mulch, A.: Miocene high elevation in the Central Alps, Solid Earth, 12, 2615–2631, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021, 2021.
Kuhlemann, J., Frisch, W., Székely, B., Dunkl, I., and Kázmér, M.: Post-collisional sediment budget history of the Alps: tectonic versus climatic control, Int. J. Earth Sci., 91, 818–837, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-002-0266-y, 2002.
Langebroek, P. M., Werner, M., and Lohmann, G.: Climate information imprinted in oxygen-isotopic composition of precipitation in Europe, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 311, 144–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.08.049, 2011.
Lee, J.-E. and Fung, I.: “Amount effect” of water isotopes and quantitative analysis of post-condensation processes, Hydrol. Process., 22, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6637, 2008.
Li, J., Ehlers, T. A., Mutz, S. G., Steger, C., Paeth, H., Werner, M., Poulsen, C. J., and Feng, R.: Modern precipitation δ18O and trajectory analysis over the Himalaya-Tibet Orogen from ECHAM5-wiso simulations: Tibetan modern precipitation δ18O, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 10432–10452, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024818, 2016.
Lim, Y.-K.: The East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR) teleconnection in the North Atlantic: climate impact and relation to Rossby wave propagation, Clim. Dynam., 44, 3211–3222, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2381-4, 2015.
Lin, S.-J. and Rood, R. B.: Multidimensional Flux-Form Semi-Lagrangian Transport Schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 2046–2070, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2046:MFFSLT>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Lorenz, S. J. and Lohmann, G.: Acceleration technique for Milankovitch type forcing in a coupled atmosphere-ocean circulation model: method and application for the Holocene, Clim. Dynam., 23, 727–743, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0469-y, 2004.
Lu, G., Winkler, W., Rahn, M., von Quadt, A., and Willett, S. D.: Evaluating igneous sources of the Taveyannaz formation in the Central Alps by detrital zircon U–Pb age dating and geochemistry, Swiss J. Geosci., 111, 399–416, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-018-0302-y, 2018.
McCann, T.: The Geology of Central Europe: Mesozioc and cenozoic, Geological Society of London, 760 pp., 2008.
McElwain, J. C.: Climate-independent paleoaltimetry using stomatal density in fossil leaves as a proxy for CO2 partial pressure, Geology, 32, 1017–1020, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20915.1, 2004.
Meijers, M. J. M., Brocard, G. Y., Cosca, M. A., Lüdecke, T., Teyssier, C., Whitney, D. L., and Mulch, A.: Rapid late Miocene surface uplift of the Central Anatolian Plateau margin, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 497, 29–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.05.040, 2018.
Merlivat, L. and Jouzel, J.: Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 84, 5029–5033, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC084iC08p05029, 1979.
Methner, K., Fiebig, J., Wacker, U., Umhoefer, P., Chamberlain, C. P., and Mulch, A.: Eocene-Oligocene proto-Cascades topography revealed by clumped (Δ47) and oxygen isotope (δ18O) geochemistry (Chumstick Basin, WA, USA), Tectonics, 35, 546–564, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC003984, 2016.
Methner, K., Campani, M., Fiebig, J., Löffler, N., Kempf, O., and Mulch, A.: Middle Miocene long-term continental temperature change in and out of pace with marine climate records, Sci. Rep., 10, 7989, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64743-5, 2020.
Moore, G. W. K., Renfrew, I. A., and Pickart, R. S.: Multidecadal Mobility of the North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Climate, 26, 2453–2466, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00023.1, 2013.
Mulch, A.: Stable isotope paleoaltimetry and the evolution of landscapes and life, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 433, 180–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.034, 2016.
Mulch, A. and Chamberlain, C. P.: Stable Isotope Paleoaltimetry in Orogenic Belts – The Silicate Record in Surface and Crustal Geological Archives, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 66, 89–118, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2007.66.4, 2007.
Mulch, A., Graham, S. A., and Chamberlain, C. P.: Hydrogen Isotopes in Eocene River Gravels and Paleoelevation of the Sierra Nevada, Science, 313, 87–89, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125986, 2006.
Mulch, A., Sarna-Wojcicki, A. M., Perkins, M. E., and Chamberlain, C. P.: A Miocene to Pleistocene climate and elevation record of the Sierra Nevada (California), P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 6819–6824, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708811105, 2008.
Mulch, A., Uba, C. E., Strecker, M. R., Schoenberg, R., and Chamberlain, C. P.: Late Miocene climate variability and surface elevation in the central Andes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 290, 173–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.019, 2010.
Mulch, A., Chamberlain, C. P., Cosca, M. A., Teyssier, C., Methner, K., Hren, M. T., and Graham, S. A.: Rapid change in high-elevation precipitation patterns of western North America during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), Am. J. Sci., 315, 317–336, https://doi.org/10.2475/04.2015.02, 2015.
Mulch, A., Chamberlain, C. P., Hoorn, C., Perrigo, A., and Antonelli, A.: Stable isotope paleoaltimetry: paleotopography as a key element in the evolution of landscapes and life, Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity, Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Blackwell, 81–93, 2018.
Mutz, S. G., Ehlers, T. A., Li, J., Steger, C., Paeth, H., Werner, M., and Poulsen, C. J.: Precipitation δ18O over the Himalaya-Tibet orogen from ECHAM5-wiso simulations: Statistical analysis of temperature, topography and precipitation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 9278–9300, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024856, 2016.
Mutz, S. G., Ehlers, T. A., Werner, M., Lohmann, G., Stepanek, C., and Li, J.: Estimates of late Cenozoic climate change relevant to Earth surface processes in tectonically active orogens, Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 271–301, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-271-2018, 2018.
North, G. R., Bell, T. L., Cahalan, R. F., and Moeng, F. J.: Sampling Errors in the Estimation of Empirical Orthogonal Functions, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 699–706, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110< 0699:SEITEO>2.0.CO;2, 1982.
Pingel, H., Mulch, A., Alonso, R. N., Cottle, J., Hynek, S. A., Poletti, J., Rohrmann, A., Schmitt, A. K., Stockli, D. F., and Strecker, M. R.: Surface uplift and convective rainfall along the southern Central Andes (Angastaco Basin, NW Argentina), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 440, 33–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.009, 2016.
Poulsen, C. J., Ehlers, T. A., and Insel, N.: Onset of Convective Rainfall During Gradual Late Miocene Rise of the Central Andes, Science, 328, 490–493, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185078, 2010.
Quade, J., Garzione, C., and Eiler, J.: Paleoelevation Reconstruction using Pedogenic Carbonates, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 66, 53–87, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2007.66.3, 2007.
Quade, J., Breecker, D. O., Daëron, M., and Eiler, J.: The paleoaltimetry of Tibet: An isotopic perspective, Am. J. Sci., 311, 77–115, https://doi.org/10.2475/02.2011.01, 2011.
Risi, C., Noone, D., Frankenberg, C., and Worden, J.: Role of continental recycling in intraseasonal variations of continental moisture as deduced from model simulations and water vapor isotopic measurements: Continental Recycling and Water Isotopes, Water Resour. Res., 49, 4136–4156, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20312, 2013.
Roeckner, E., Bäuml, G., Bonaventura, L., Brokopf, R., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Hagemann, S., Kirchner, I., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., Rhodin, A., Schlese, U., Schulzweida, U., and Tompkins, A.: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM 5, Part I: Model description, https://doi.org/10.17617/2.995269, 2003.
Rogers, J. C.: Patterns of Low-Frequency Monthly Sea Level Pressure Variability (1899–1986) and Associated Wave Cyclone Frequencies, J. Climate, 3, 1364–1379, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1990)003< 1364:POLFMS>2.0.CO;2, 1990.
Rosenberg, C. L., Berger, A., Bellahsen, N., and Bousquet, R.: Relating orogen width to shortening, erosion, and exhumation during Alpine collision, Tectonics, 34, 1306–1328, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014TC003736, 2015.
Rowley, D. B. and Currie, B. S.: Palaeo-altimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin, central Tibet, Nature, 439, 677–681, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04506, 2006.
Rowley, D. B. and Garzione, C. N.: Stable Isotope-Based Paleoaltimetry, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 35, 463–508, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140155, 2007.
Rowley, D. B., Pierrehumbert, R. T., and Currie, B. S.: A new approach to stable isotope-based paleoaltimetry: implications for paleoaltimetry and paleohypsometry of the High Himalaya since the Late Miocene, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 188, 253–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00324-7, 2001.
Rozanski, K., Sonntag, C., and Münnich, K. O.: Factors controlling stable isotope composition of European precipitation, Tellus, 34, 142–150, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01801.x, 1982.
Sahagian, D. L. and Maus, J. E.: Basalt vesicularity as a measure of atmospheric pressure and palaeoelevation, Nature, 372, 449–451, https://doi.org/10.1038/372449a0, 1994.
Schlunegger, F. and Castelltort, S.: Immediate and delayed signal of slab breakoff in Oligo/Miocene Molasse deposits from the European Alps, Sci. Rep., 6, 31010, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31010, 2016.
Schlunegger, F. and Kissling, E.: Slab rollback orogeny in the Alps and evolution of the Swiss Molasse basin, Nat. Commun., 6, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9605, 2015.
Schmid, S. M., Pfiffner, O. A., Froitzheim, N., Schönborn, G., and Kissling, E.: Geophysical-geological transect and tectonic evolution of the Swiss-Italian Alps, Tectonics, 15, 1036–1064, https://doi.org/10.1029/96TC00433, 1996.
Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Kissling, E., and Schuster, R.: Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 97, 93–117, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x, 2004.
Schmidli, J., Schmutz, C., Frei, C., Wanner, H., and Schär, C.: Mesoscale precipitation variability in the region of the European Alps during the 20th century: Alpine precipitation variability, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1049–1074, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.769, 2002.
Sharp, Z. D., Masson, H., and Lucchini, R.: Stable isotope geochemistry and formation mechanisms of quartz veins; extreme paleoaltitudes of the Central Alps in the Neogene, Am. J. Sci., 305, 187–219, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.305.3.187, 2005.
Shen, H. and Poulsen, C. J.: Precipitation δ18O on the Himalaya–Tibet orogeny and its relationship to surface elevation, Clim. Past, 15, 169–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-169-2019, 2019.
Spicer, R. A., Su, T., Valdes, P. J., Farnsworth, A., Wu, F.-X., Shi, G., Spicer, T. E. V., and Zhou, Z.: Why “the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau” is a myth, Nat. Sci. Rev., 8, nwaa091, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa091, 2021.
Sprenger, M. and Wernli, H.: The LAGRANTO Lagrangian analysis tool – version 2.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2569–2586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2569-2015, 2015.
Stampfli, G. M., Mosar, J., Marquer, D., Marchant, R., Baudin, T., and Borel, G.: Subduction and obduction processes in the Swiss Alps, Tectonophysics, 296, 159–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00142-5, 1998.
Steppeler, J., Doms, G., Schättler, U., Bitzer, H. W., Gassmann, A., Damrath, U., and Gregoric, G.: Meso-gamma scale forecasts using the nonhydrostatic model LM, Met. Atmos. Phys., 82, 75–96, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-001-0592-9, 2003.
Stevens, B., Giorgetta, M., Esch, M., Mauritsen, T., Crueger, T., Rast, S., Salzmann, M., Schmidt, H., Bader, J., Block, K., Brokopf, R., Fast, I., Kinne, S., Kornblueh, L., Lohmann, U., Pincus, R., Reichler, T., and Roeckner, E.: Atmospheric component of the MPI-M Earth System Model: ECHAM6, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 5, 146–172, https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20015, 2013.
Storch, H. and von Zwiers, F. W.: Statistical Analysis in Climate Research, Cambridge University Press, 995 pp., 2002.
Sturm, C., Zhang, Q., and Noone, D.: An introduction to stable water isotopes in climate models: benefits of forward proxy modelling for paleoclimatology, Clim. Past, 6, 115–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-115-2010, 2010.
Sundell, K. E., Saylor, J. E., Lapen, T. J., and Horton, B. K.: Implications of variable late Cenozoic surface uplift across the Peruvian central Andes, Sci. Rep., 9, 4877, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41257-3, 2019.
Takahashi, K. and Battisti, D. S.: Processes Controlling the Mean Tropical Pacific Precipitation Pattern, Part I: The Andes and the Eastern Pacific ITCZ, J. Climate, 20, 3434–3451, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4198.1, 2007.
Tompkins, A. M.: A Prognostic Parameterization for the Subgrid-Scale Variability of Water Vapor and Clouds in Large-Scale Models and Its Use to Diagnose Cloud Cover, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1917–1942, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059< 1917:APPFTS>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Ustaszewski, K., Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Tischler, M., Kissling, E., and Spakman, W.: A map-view restoration of the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic system for the Early Miocene, Swiss J. Geosci., 101, 273–294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1288-7, 2008.
Valla, P. G., Sternai, P., and Fox, M.: How Climate, Uplift and Erosion Shaped the Alpine Topography, Elements, 17, 41–46, https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.17.1.41, 2021.
Wallace, J. M. and Gutzler, D. S.: Teleconnections in the Geopotential Height Field during the Northern Hemisphere Winter, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 784–812, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<0784:TITGHF>2.0.CO;2, 1981.
Werner, M., Langebroek, P. M., Carlsen, T., Herold, M., and Lohmann, G.: Stable water isotopes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model: Toward high-resolution isotope modeling on a global scale, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D15109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015681, 2011.
Wernli, H.: A Lagrangian-based analysis of extratropical cyclones, II: A detailed case-study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1677–1706, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712354211, 1997.
Whipple, K. X.: The influence of climate on the tectonic evolution of mountain belts, Nat. Geosci., 2, 97–104, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo413, 2009.
Woollings, T., Hannachi, A., and Hoskins, B.: Variability of the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet stream, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 856–868, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.625, 2010.
Zamanian, K., Pustovoytov, K., and Kuzyakov, Y.: Pedogenic carbonates: Forms and formation processes, Earth-Sci. Rev., 157, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.03.003, 2016.
Zhang, R., Jiang, D., Zhang, Z., and Yu, E.: The impact of regional uplift of the Tibetan Plateau on the Asian monsoon climate, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 417, 137–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.10.030, 2015.
Zubiate, L., McDermott, F., Sweeney, C., and O'Malley, M.: Spatial variability in winter NAO–wind speed relationships in western Europe linked to concomitant states of the East Atlantic and Scandinavian patterns, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 552–562, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2943, 2017.
Short summary
We present model-based topographic sensitivity experiments that provide valuable constraints for interpreting past proxies and records of climate and tectonic processes. The study uses a climate model to quantify the response of regional climate and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation to diachronous surface uplift scenarios across the European Alps. The results suggest that isotopic signal changes can be measured in geologic archives using stable isotope paleoaltimetry.
We present model-based topographic sensitivity experiments that provide valuable constraints for...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint