Articles | Volume 13, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1689-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1689-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Rapid attribution analysis of the extraordinary heat wave on the Pacific coast of the US and Canada in June 2021
Sjoukje Y. Philip
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Geert Jan van Oldenborgh
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
deceased, 12 October 2021
Faron S. Anslow
Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8R4J1, Canada
Sonia I. Seneviratne
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Robert Vautard
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Dim Coumou
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Kristie L. Ebi
Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Julie Arrighi
Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, The Hague, the Netherlands
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
Global Disaster Preparedness Center, American Red Cross, Washington, DC, USA
Roop Singh
Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, The Hague, the Netherlands
Maarten van Aalst
Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, The Hague, the Netherlands
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Carolina Pereira Marghidan
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
Michael Wehner
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
Wenchang Yang
Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Dominik L. Schumacher
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Mathias Hauser
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Rémy Bonnet
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Linh N. Luu
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Flavio Lehner
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Nathan Gillett
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
Jordis S. Tradowsky
Deutscher Wetterdienst, Regionales Klimabüro Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Bodeker Scientific, Alexandra, New Zealand
Gabriel A. Vecchi
Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
The High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Chris Rodell
Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Roland B. Stull
Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Rosie Howard
Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Friederike E. L. Otto
School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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185 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Applying global warming levels of emergence to highlight the increasing population exposure to temperature and precipitation extremes D. Gampe et al.
- Advancing an integrated understanding of land–ocean connections in shaping the marine ecosystems of coastal temperate rainforest ecoregions B. Hunt et al.
- Spatial modeling of extreme temperature in the Canadian Prairies using max-stable processes A. Boluwade et al.
- Arboreal Urban Cooling Is Driven by Leaf Area Index, Leaf Boundary Layer Resistance, and Dry Leaf Mass per Leaf Area: Evidence from a System Dynamics Model H. Eyster & B. Beckage
- Authors' reply to the Discussion of ‘The importance of context in extreme value analysis with application to extreme temperatures in the USA and Greenland’ at the first meeting on ‘Statistical aspects of climate change’ D. Clarkson et al.
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- Burning fuels burns the brain's bioenergetic bridges: On the importance of physiological resilience R. Sixtus & D. Bailey
- Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity and Zonal Adaptation Strategies for Agricultural Risks of Compound Dry and Hot Events in China’s Middle Yangtze River Basin Y. Wang et al.
- Unprecedented 21st century heat across the Pacific Northwest of North America K. Heeter et al.
- Identifying groups at-risk to extreme heat: Intersections of age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status A. Clark et al.
- A climate indicator dashboard for communicating climate change in the Okanagan Valley of B.C. S. Schira et al.
- Climate change is redefining health-care delivery and preparedness R. Salas
- Heat waves in São Paulo State, Brazil: Intensity, duration, spatial scope, and atmospheric characteristics M. Valverde & M. Rosa
- Changes in Global Warming’s Six Americas: an analysis of repeat respondents M. Ayers et al.
- Spring heat waves drive record western United States snow melt in 2021 D. McEvoy & B. Hatchett
- Incorporating extreme event attribution into climate change adaptation for civil infrastructure: Methods, benefits, and research needs Y. Zhang et al.
- Compound mortality impacts from extreme temperatures and the COVID-19 pandemic Y. Lo et al.
- An upper bound for extreme temperatures over midlatitude land Y. Zhang & W. Boos
- Local hydroclimate drives differential warming rates between regular summer days and extreme hot days in the Northern Hemisphere A. Srivastava et al.
- Harvest-induced changes in forest landscapes does not fully compensate for climate-induced increase in landscape flammability in eastern Canada C. Benoît et al.
- Role of mean and variability change in changes in European annual and seasonal extreme precipitation events R. Wood
- Working under the 2021 Heat Dome: A Content Analysis of Occupational Impacts Mentioned in the Canadian Media E. Tetzlaff et al.
- The Intersection of the COVID-19 Pandemic and the 2021 Heat Dome in Canadian Digital News Media: A Content Analysis E. Tetzlaff et al.
- Macroclimate growing conditions for luxury crops after stratospheric aerosol injection A. Morrison et al.
- Racial and ethnic health inequities caused by extreme U.S. weather events: A nationally representative study C. Latkin et al.
- Depopulation: infrastructure challenges and opportunities U. Sutradhar et al.
- Climate Change and Children’s Health: Building a Healthy Future for Every Child S. Ahdoot et al.
- Accelerating increase in the duration of heatwaves under global warming C. Martinez-Villalobos et al.
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Latest update: 30 Apr 2026
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A paper of clear broad interest.
Short summary
In June 2021, the Pacific Northwest of the US and Canada saw record temperatures far exceeding those previously observed. This attribution study found such a severe heat wave would have been virtually impossible without human-induced climate change. Assuming no nonlinear interactions, such events have become at least 150 times more common, are about 2 °C hotter and will become even more common as warming continues. Therefore, adaptation and mitigation are urgently needed to prepare society.
In June 2021, the Pacific Northwest of the US and Canada saw record temperatures far exceeding...
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