Articles | Volume 11, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-641-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-641-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Impact of environmental changes and land management practices on wheat production in India
Shilpa Gahlot
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
Tzu-Shun Lin
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Atul K. Jain
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
Vinay K. Sehgal
Department of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
Rajkumar Dhakar
Department of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Cited
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Improving the representation of major Indian crops in the Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM5) using site-scale crop data K. Reddy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-763-2025
- Gross primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems: a review of observations, remote sensing, and modelling studies over South Asia V. Pandey et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-05158-4
- GHG emissions and carbon footprint in wheat cultivation practices in Bihar state of India R. Pal et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1661999
- Variability in crop responses as a function of environment affects the NDVI relationship with grain yield in wheat C. Paiboonvorachat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphe.2026.100237
- The C-FEWS framework: Supporting studies of climate-induced extremes on food, energy, and water systems at the regional scale C. Vörösmarty et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1069613
- Gender, caste, and heterogeneous farmer preferences for wheat varietal traits in rural India V. Krishna et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272126
- Phenology, fluxes and their drivers in major Indian agroecosystems: A modeling study using the Community Land Model (CLM5) K. Reddy & S. Baidya Roy https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1365-2026
- Which crop has the highest bioethanol yield in the United States? T. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1070186
- Carbon fluxes in spring wheat agroecosystem in India K. Reddy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-915-2023
- Worldwide Maize and Soybean Yield Response to Environmental and Management Factors Over the 20th and 21st Centuries T. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006304
- A food crop yield emulator for integration in the compact Earth system model OSCAR (OSCAR-crop v1.0) X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5857-2026
- The growing factors impact the productivity of new soft winter wheat varieties L. Prysiazhniuk et al. https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.18.4.2022.273989
- A modeling framework of a territorial socio-ecosystem to study the trajectories of change in agricultural phytosanitary practices A. Bourceret et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110727
- IoT-based winter season crop prediction using machine learning on Vyas municipality ward No-13, Nepal P. Deepak https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000196
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Improving the representation of major Indian crops in the Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM5) using site-scale crop data K. Reddy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-763-2025
- Gross primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems: a review of observations, remote sensing, and modelling studies over South Asia V. Pandey et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-05158-4
- GHG emissions and carbon footprint in wheat cultivation practices in Bihar state of India R. Pal et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1661999
- Variability in crop responses as a function of environment affects the NDVI relationship with grain yield in wheat C. Paiboonvorachat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphe.2026.100237
- The C-FEWS framework: Supporting studies of climate-induced extremes on food, energy, and water systems at the regional scale C. Vörösmarty et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1069613
- Gender, caste, and heterogeneous farmer preferences for wheat varietal traits in rural India V. Krishna et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272126
- Phenology, fluxes and their drivers in major Indian agroecosystems: A modeling study using the Community Land Model (CLM5) K. Reddy & S. Baidya Roy https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1365-2026
- Which crop has the highest bioethanol yield in the United States? T. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1070186
- Carbon fluxes in spring wheat agroecosystem in India K. Reddy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-915-2023
- Worldwide Maize and Soybean Yield Response to Environmental and Management Factors Over the 20th and 21st Centuries T. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006304
- A food crop yield emulator for integration in the compact Earth system model OSCAR (OSCAR-crop v1.0) X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5857-2026
- The growing factors impact the productivity of new soft winter wheat varieties L. Prysiazhniuk et al. https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.18.4.2022.273989
- A modeling framework of a territorial socio-ecosystem to study the trajectories of change in agricultural phytosanitary practices A. Bourceret et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110727
- IoT-based winter season crop prediction using machine learning on Vyas municipality ward No-13, Nepal P. Deepak https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000196
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 14 Jul 2026
Short summary
Spring wheat, a staple for millions of people in India and the world, is vulnerable to changing environmental and management factors. Using a new spring wheat model, we find that over the 1980–2016 period elevated CO2 levels, irrigation, and nitrogen fertilizers led to an increase of 30 %, 12 %, and 15 % in countrywide production, respectively. In contrast, rising temperatures have reduced production by 18 %. These effects vary across the country, thereby affecting production at regional scales.
Spring wheat, a staple for millions of people in India and the world, is vulnerable to changing...
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