Articles | Volume 7, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-469-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-469-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 May 2016
Research article |
| 24 May 2016
Geoengineering as a design problem
Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Douglas G. MacMartin
Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Hailong Wang
Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Philip J. Rasch
Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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91 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- The next climate war? Statecraft, security, and weaponization in the geopolitics of a low-carbon future B. Sovacool et al. 10.1016/j.esr.2022.101031
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- Stratospheric transport and tropospheric sink of solar geoengineering aerosol: a Lagrangian analysis H. Sun et al. 10.1038/s41612-024-00664-8
- High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Can Be More Effective if Injection Is Limited to Spring W. Lee et al. 10.1029/2021GL092696
- A subpolar-focused stratospheric aerosol injection deployment scenario W. Smith et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/ac8cd3
- Vatnajökull Mass Loss Under Solar Geoengineering Due to the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation C. Yue et al. 10.1029/2021EF002052
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- Halving warming with stratospheric aerosol geoengineering moderates policy-relevant climate hazards P. Irvine & D. Keith 10.1088/1748-9326/ab76de
- Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals M. Lawrence et al. 10.1038/s41467-018-05938-3
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- Reaching 1.5 and 2.0 °C global surface temperature targets using stratospheric aerosol geoengineering S. Tilmes et al. 10.5194/esd-11-579-2020
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- Solar geoengineering could substantially reduce climate risks—A research hypothesis for the next decade D. Keith & P. Irvine 10.1002/2016EF000465
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- Reassessing the relative role of anthropogenic aerosols and natural decadal variability in driving the mid-twentieth century global “cooling”: a focus on the latitudinal gradient of tropospheric temperature C. Diao & Y. Xu 10.1007/s00382-022-06235-y
- Comparing Surface and Stratospheric Impacts of Geoengineering With Different SO2 Injection Strategies B. Kravitz et al. 10.1029/2019JD030329
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- Greenland Ice Sheet Response to Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Geoengineering J. Moore et al. 10.1029/2019EF001393
- Potential impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection on drought risk managements over major river basins in Africa B. Abiodun et al. 10.1007/s10584-021-03268-w
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- Impacts of three types of solar geoengineering on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation M. Xie et al. 10.5194/acp-22-4581-2022
- Impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention geoengineering on surface air temperature in China: a surface energy budget perspective Z. Liu et al. 10.5194/acp-22-7667-2022
- G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
- Can we use linear response theory to assess geoengineering strategies? T. Bódai et al. 10.1063/1.5122255
- Reduced Poleward Transport Due to Stratospheric Heating Under Stratospheric Aerosols Geoengineering D. Visioni et al. 10.1029/2020GL089470
- Changes in Hadley circulation and intertropical convergence zone under strategic stratospheric aerosol geoengineering W. Cheng et al. 10.1038/s41612-022-00254-6
- The climate effects of increasing ocean albedo: an idealized representation of solar geoengineering B. Kravitz et al. 10.5194/acp-18-13097-2018
- Solar geoengineering and carbon removal significantly lower economic climate damages A. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.oneear.2023.09.004
- Research criteria towards an interdisciplinary Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention assessment S. Tilmes et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgae010
- Changes in West African Summer Monsoon Precipitation Under Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering C. Da‐Allada et al. 10.1029/2020EF001595
- Technical characteristics of a solar geoengineering deployment and implications for governance D. MacMartin et al. 10.1080/14693062.2019.1668347
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- Global monsoon response to tropical and Arctic stratospheric aerosol injection W. Sun et al. 10.1007/s00382-020-05371-7
- Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Can Reduce Risks to Antarctic Ice Loss Depending on Injection Location and Amount P. Goddard et al. 10.1029/2023JD039434
- Geoengineering with stratospheric aerosols: What do we not know after a decade of research? D. MacMartin et al. 10.1002/2016EF000418
- An overview of the Earth system science of solar geoengineering P. Irvine et al. 10.1002/wcc.423
- Closed-loop and congestion control of the global carbon-climate system C. Sierra et al. 10.1007/s10584-021-03040-0
- The potential environmental and climate impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection: a review H. Huynh & V. McNeill 10.1039/D3EA00134B
- Identifying the sources of uncertainty in climate model simulations of solar radiation modification with the G6sulfur and G6solar Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) simulations D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10039-2021
- Towards a comprehensive climate impacts assessment of solar geoengineering P. Irvine et al. 10.1002/2016EF000389
- Effects of Arctic geoengineering on precipitation in the tropical monsoon regions A. Nalam et al. 10.1007/s00382-017-3810-y
- Stratospheric Response in the First Geoengineering Simulation Meeting Multiple Surface Climate Objectives J. Richter et al. 10.1029/2018JD028285
- Solar geoengineering as part of an overall strategy for meeting the 1.5°C Paris target D. MacMartin et al. 10.1098/rsta.2016.0454
- Strategic logic of unilateral climate intervention C. Bell & P. Keys 10.1088/1748-9326/acf94b
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- The Regional Hydroclimate Response to Stratospheric Sulfate Geoengineering and the Role of Stratospheric Heating I. Simpson et al. 10.1029/2019JD031093
- Making the Climate Malleable? “Weak” and “Strong” Governance Objects and the Transformation of International Climate Politics O. Corry 10.1093/isagsq/ksae062
- Expanding the design space of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering to include precipitation-based objectives and explore trade-offs W. Lee et al. 10.5194/esd-11-1051-2020
- The next climate war? Statecraft, security, and weaponization in the geopolitics of a low-carbon future B. Sovacool et al. 10.1016/j.esr.2022.101031
- Hemispherically symmetric strategies for stratospheric aerosol injection Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/esd-15-191-2024
- CESM1(WACCM) Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble Project S. Tilmes et al. 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0267.1
- Stratospheric transport and tropospheric sink of solar geoengineering aerosol: a Lagrangian analysis H. Sun et al. 10.1038/s41612-024-00664-8
- High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Can Be More Effective if Injection Is Limited to Spring W. Lee et al. 10.1029/2021GL092696
- A subpolar-focused stratospheric aerosol injection deployment scenario W. Smith et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/ac8cd3
- Vatnajökull Mass Loss Under Solar Geoengineering Due to the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation C. Yue et al. 10.1029/2021EF002052
- Optimal control of polar sea-ice near its tipping points P. Kooloth et al. 10.1038/s41612-024-00768-1
- Halving warming with stratospheric aerosol geoengineering moderates policy-relevant climate hazards P. Irvine & D. Keith 10.1088/1748-9326/ab76de
- Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals M. Lawrence et al. 10.1038/s41467-018-05938-3
- Potential of future stratospheric ozone loss in the midlatitudes under global warming and sulfate geoengineering S. Robrecht et al. 10.5194/acp-21-2427-2021
- Reaching 1.5 and 2.0 °C global surface temperature targets using stratospheric aerosol geoengineering S. Tilmes et al. 10.5194/esd-11-579-2020
- Overlooked Long‐Term Atmospheric Chemical Feedbacks Alter the Impact of Solar Geoengineering: Implications for Tropospheric Oxidative Capacity J. Moch et al. 10.1029/2023AV000911
- Solar geoengineering could substantially reduce climate risks—A research hypothesis for the next decade D. Keith & P. Irvine 10.1002/2016EF000465
- Opinion: The scientific and community-building roles of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) – past, present, and future D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-5149-2023
- Regional Climate Variability Under Model Simulations of Solar Geoengineering K. Dagon & D. Schrag 10.1002/2017JD027110
- Assessing terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in a strategically geoengineered climate C. Yang et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/abacf7
- First Simulations of Designing Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Geoengineering to Meet Multiple Simultaneous Climate Objectives B. Kravitz et al. 10.1002/2017JD026874
- Comparing different generations of idealized solar geoengineering simulations in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) B. Kravitz et al. 10.5194/acp-21-4231-2021
- A continuous latitudinal energy balance model to explore non-uniform climate engineering strategies F. Bonetti & C. McInnes 10.1007/s00382-018-4474-y
- Advocating Feedback Control for Human-Earth System Applications G. Cavraro 10.1109/LCSYS.2024.3413392
- Timescale for Detecting the Climate Response to Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering D. MacMartin et al. 10.1029/2018JD028906
- Reflecting upon 10 years of geoengineering research: Introduction to the Crutzen + 10 special issue M. Boettcher & S. Schäfer 10.1002/2016EF000521
- Technical note: Simultaneous fully dynamic characterization of multiple input–output relationships in climate models B. Kravitz et al. 10.5194/acp-17-2525-2017
- A Fate Worse Than Warming? Stratospheric Aerosol Injection and Global Catastrophic Risk A. Tang & L. Kemp 10.3389/fclim.2021.720312
- Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering could lower future risk of ‘Day Zero’ level droughts in Cape Town R. Odoulami et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/abbf13
- Solar radiation management and ecosystem functional responses A. Ito 10.1007/s10584-017-1930-3
- Energy transport, polar amplification, and ITCZ shifts in the GeoMIP G1 ensemble R. Russotto & T. Ackerman 10.5194/acp-18-2287-2018
- Tailoring Meridional and Seasonal Radiative Forcing by Sulfate Aerosol Solar Geoengineering Z. Dai et al. 10.1002/2017GL076472
- Elicitation of US and Chinese expert judgments show consistent views on solar geoengineering Z. Dai et al. 10.1057/s41599-020-00694-6
- Holistic Assessment of SO2 Injections Using CESM1(WACCM): Introduction to the Special Issue B. Kravitz et al. 10.1029/2018JD029293
- Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Geoengineering Could Alter the High‐Latitude Seasonal Cycle J. Jiang et al. 10.1029/2019GL085758
- Climate system response to stratospheric sulfate aerosols: sensitivity to altitude of aerosol layer K. Krishnamohan et al. 10.5194/esd-10-885-2019
- Thermosteric and dynamic sea level under solar geoengineering C. Yue et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00466-4
- Radiative and climate effects of stratospheric sulfur geoengineering using seasonally varying injection areas A. Laakso et al. 10.5194/acp-17-6957-2017
- Relevant climate response tests for stratospheric aerosol injection: A combined ethical and scientific analysis G. Lenferna et al. 10.1002/2016EF000504
- Indices of extremes: geographic patterns of change in extremes and associated vegetation impacts under climate intervention M. Tye et al. 10.5194/esd-13-1233-2022
- Northern-high-latitude permafrost and terrestrial carbon response to two solar geoengineering scenarios Y. Chen et al. 10.5194/esd-14-55-2023
- Next steps in geoengineering scenario research: limited deployment scenarios and beyond M. Sugiyama et al. 10.1080/14693062.2017.1323721
- Quasi‐Additivity of the Radiative Effects of Marine Cloud Brightening and Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Injection O. Boucher et al. 10.1002/2017GL074647
- The Engineering of Climate Engineering D. MacMartin & B. Kravitz 10.1146/annurev-control-053018-023725
- Seasonally Modulated Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Alters the Climate Outcomes D. Visioni et al. 10.1029/2020GL088337
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-663-2023
- Mission-driven research for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering D. MacMartin & B. Kravitz 10.1073/pnas.1811022116
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- Simulated effect of sunshade solar geoengineering on the global carbon cycle J. Jiang et al. 10.1007/s11430-017-9210-0
- Human Rights and Precautionary Principle: Limits to Geoengineering, SRM, and IPCC Scenarios J. Wieding et al. 10.3390/su12218858
- Assessing the consequences of including aerosol absorption in potential stratospheric aerosol injection climate intervention strategies J. Haywood et al. 10.5194/acp-22-6135-2022
- How large is the design space for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering? Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/esd-13-201-2022
- Solar Geoengineering in the Polar Regions: A Review A. Duffey et al. 10.1029/2023EF003679
- The Climate Response to Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Can Be Tailored Using Multiple Injection Locations D. MacMartin et al. 10.1002/2017JD026868
- Changes in clouds and thermodynamics under solar geoengineering and implications for required solar reduction R. Russotto & T. Ackerman 10.5194/acp-18-11905-2018
- Reassessing the relative role of anthropogenic aerosols and natural decadal variability in driving the mid-twentieth century global “cooling”: a focus on the latitudinal gradient of tropospheric temperature C. Diao & Y. Xu 10.1007/s00382-022-06235-y
- Comparing Surface and Stratospheric Impacts of Geoengineering With Different SO2 Injection Strategies B. Kravitz et al. 10.1029/2019JD030329
- Hydrological Consequences of Solar Geoengineering K. Ricke et al. 10.1146/annurev-earth-031920-083456
- Estimating Impacts and Trade‐offs in Solar Geoengineering Scenarios With a Moist Energy Balance Model N. Lutsko et al. 10.1029/2020GL087290
- Neutral Mode Dominates the Forced Global and Regional Surface Temperature Response in the Past and Future F. Liu et al. 10.1029/2022GL098788
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- Impacts of three types of solar geoengineering on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation M. Xie et al. 10.5194/acp-22-4581-2022
- Impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention geoengineering on surface air temperature in China: a surface energy budget perspective Z. Liu et al. 10.5194/acp-22-7667-2022
- G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
- Can we use linear response theory to assess geoengineering strategies? T. Bódai et al. 10.1063/1.5122255
- Reduced Poleward Transport Due to Stratospheric Heating Under Stratospheric Aerosols Geoengineering D. Visioni et al. 10.1029/2020GL089470
- Changes in Hadley circulation and intertropical convergence zone under strategic stratospheric aerosol geoengineering W. Cheng et al. 10.1038/s41612-022-00254-6
- The climate effects of increasing ocean albedo: an idealized representation of solar geoengineering B. Kravitz et al. 10.5194/acp-18-13097-2018
- Solar geoengineering and carbon removal significantly lower economic climate damages A. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.oneear.2023.09.004
- Research criteria towards an interdisciplinary Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention assessment S. Tilmes et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgae010
- Changes in West African Summer Monsoon Precipitation Under Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering C. Da‐Allada et al. 10.1029/2020EF001595
- Technical characteristics of a solar geoengineering deployment and implications for governance D. MacMartin et al. 10.1080/14693062.2019.1668347
- Multiple input control strategies for robust and adaptive climate engineering in a low-order 3-box model F. Bonetti & C. McInnes 10.1098/rspa.2018.0447
- Global monsoon response to tropical and Arctic stratospheric aerosol injection W. Sun et al. 10.1007/s00382-020-05371-7
- Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Can Reduce Risks to Antarctic Ice Loss Depending on Injection Location and Amount P. Goddard et al. 10.1029/2023JD039434
- Geoengineering with stratospheric aerosols: What do we not know after a decade of research? D. MacMartin et al. 10.1002/2016EF000418
- An overview of the Earth system science of solar geoengineering P. Irvine et al. 10.1002/wcc.423
- Closed-loop and congestion control of the global carbon-climate system C. Sierra et al. 10.1007/s10584-021-03040-0
- The potential environmental and climate impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection: a review H. Huynh & V. McNeill 10.1039/D3EA00134B
- Identifying the sources of uncertainty in climate model simulations of solar radiation modification with the G6sulfur and G6solar Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) simulations D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10039-2021
- Towards a comprehensive climate impacts assessment of solar geoengineering P. Irvine et al. 10.1002/2016EF000389
- Effects of Arctic geoengineering on precipitation in the tropical monsoon regions A. Nalam et al. 10.1007/s00382-017-3810-y
- Stratospheric Response in the First Geoengineering Simulation Meeting Multiple Surface Climate Objectives J. Richter et al. 10.1029/2018JD028285
- Solar geoengineering as part of an overall strategy for meeting the 1.5°C Paris target D. MacMartin et al. 10.1098/rsta.2016.0454
- Strategic logic of unilateral climate intervention C. Bell & P. Keys 10.1088/1748-9326/acf94b
- Public attitude toward solar radiation modification: results of a two-scenario online survey on perception in four Asia–Pacific countries M. Sugiyama et al. 10.1007/s11625-024-01520-7
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Latest update: 13 Dec 2024
Short summary
Most simulations of solar geoengineering prescribe a particular strategy and evaluate its modeled effects. Here we first choose example climate objectives and then design a strategy to meet those objectives in climate models. We show that certain objectives can be met simultaneously even in the presence of uncertainty, and the strategy for meeting those objectives can be ported to other models. This is part of a broader illustration of how uncertainties in solar geoengineering can be managed.
Most simulations of solar geoengineering prescribe a particular strategy and evaluate its...
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Final-revised paper
Preprint