Earth System Dynamics
Earth System Dynamics
ESD
Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-563-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-563-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
Research article
 | 
12 May 2026
Research article |  | 12 May 2026

Critical freshwater forcing for AMOC tipping in climate models – compensation matters

Oliver Mehling, Elian Vanderborght, and Henk A. Dijkstra

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Short summary
This study revisits how critical thresholds for tipping of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) are derived from comprehensive climate models. It is shown that the method for keeping the global salinity constant – by compensating salinity either at the surface or throughout the ocean volume – matters for AMOC tipping: with surface compensation, the tipping point shifts to larger freshwater forcing values, mainly due to (artificial) salt input in the North Atlantic and Arctic.
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