Articles | Volume 15, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1385-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1385-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Extrapolation is not enough: impacts of extreme land use change on wind profiles and wind energy according to regional climate models
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
now at: Department of Technology Systems (ITS), University of Oslo, Kjeller, Norway
Peter Hoffmann
Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Hamburg, Germany
Daniela C. A. Lima
Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, Lisbon, Portugal
Marcus Breil
Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Olivier Asselin
Ouranos, Montréal, Canada
Diana Rechid
Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Hamburg, Germany
Related authors
Jan Wohland, Doris Folini, and Bryn Pickering
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1239–1251, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Surface winds fluctuate. From around 1980 to 2010, surface onshore winds generally became weaker, and they have gained in strength since then. While these fluctuations are well known, we currently do not fully understand why they happen. To investigate the reasons, we use a large set of climate simulations with one model, a so-called large ensemble. We find that the observed long-term wind fluctuations occur naturally under current and future conditions and do not require a specific trigger.
Charlotte Neubacher, Dirk Witthaut, and Jan Wohland
Adv. Geosci., 54, 205–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-205-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-205-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we investigate the variability of potential offshore wind power over Europe on time scales of more than 10 years. Detailed spectral analysis of potential offshore wind power capacities over the last century indicates a strong coupling to large climate patterns such as the NAO. Furthermore, combining the wind power potential at the German North Sea and the Portuguese Atlantic coast shows that the variability can be mitigated.
Jan Wohland, Nour Eddine Omrani, Noel Keenlyside, and Dirk Witthaut
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 515–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-515-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-515-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Wind park planning and power system design require robust wind resource information. While most assessments are restricted to the last four decades, we use centennial reanalyses to study wind energy generation variability in Germany. We find that statistically significant multi-decadal variability exists. These long-term effects must be considered when planning future highly renewable power systems. Otherwise, there is a risk of inefficient system design and ill-informed investments.
Jan Wohland, Mark Reyers, Juliane Weber, and Dirk Witthaut
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 1047–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1047-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1047-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Solar and wind energy generation are weather dependent and can not be switched on when needed. Despite this, stable electricity supply can be obtained by aggregation over large areas, for example Europe. However, we show that strong climate change impedes spatial balancing of electricity because countries are more likely to suffer from simultaneous generation shortfall. As a consequence, local scarcity can less often be balanced by imports.
João António Martins Careto, Rita Margarida Cardoso, Ana Russo, Daniela Catarina André Lima, and Pedro Miguel Matos Soares
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8115–8139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a new daily drought index, the generalised drought index (GDI). The GDI not only identifies the same events as established indices but is also capable of improving their results. The index is empirically based and easy to compute, not requiring fitting the data to a probability distribution. The GDI can detect flash droughts and longer-term events, making it a versatile tool for drought monitoring.
Marcus Breil, Vanessa K. M. Schneider, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 21, 811–824, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The general impact of afforestation on the regional climate conditions in Europe during the period 1986–2015 is investigated. For this purpose, a regional climate model simulation is performed, in which afforestation during this period is considered, and results are compared to a simulation in which this is not the case. Results show that afforestation had discernible impacts on the climate change signal in Europe, which may have mitigated the local warming trend, especially in summer in Europe.
Christina Asmus, Peter Hoffmann, Joni-Pekka Pietikäinen, Jürgen Böhner, and Diana Rechid
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7311–7337, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Irrigation modifies the land surface and soil conditions. The effects can be quantified using numerical climate models. Our study introduces a new irrigation parameterization, which simulates the effects of irrigation on land, atmosphere, and vegetation. We applied the parameterization and evaluated the results in terms of their physical consistency. We found an improvement in the model results in the 2 m temperature representation in comparison with observational data for our study.
Peter Hoffmann, Vanessa Reinhart, Diana Rechid, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Edouard L. Davin, Christina Asmus, Benjamin Bechtel, Jürgen Böhner, Eleni Katragkou, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3819–3852, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3819-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3819-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the new high-resolution land use and land cover change dataset LUCAS LUC for Europe (version 1.1), tailored for use in regional climate models. Historical and projected future land use change information from the Land-Use Harmonization 2 (LUH2) dataset is translated into annual plant functional type changes from 1950 to 2015 and 2016 to 2100, respectively, by employing a newly developed land use translator.
Florian Knutzen, Paul Averbeck, Caterina Barrasso, Laurens M. Bouwer, Barry Gardiner, José M. Grünzweig, Sabine Hänel, Karsten Haustein, Marius Rohde Johannessen, Stefan Kollet, Joni-Pekka Pietikaeinen, Karolina Pietras-Couffignal, Joaquim G. Pinto, Diana Rechid, Efi Rousi, Ana Russo, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Julian Wendler, Elena Xoplaki, and Daniel Gliksman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1463, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With a team of 20 authors from different countries, we tried to compile the impacts of drought and heat on European forests in the period 2018–2022. This is a research approach that transcends subject and country borders.
Marcus Breil, Annabell Weber, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 20, 2237–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A promising strategy for mitigating burdens of heat extremes in Europe is to replace dark coniferous forests with brighter deciduous forests. The consequence of this would be reduced absorption of solar radiation, which should reduce the intensities of heat periods. In this study, we show that deciduous forests have a certain cooling effect on heat period intensities in Europe. However, the magnitude of the temperature reduction is quite small.
Efi Rousi, Andreas H. Fink, Lauren S. Andersen, Florian N. Becker, Goratz Beobide-Arsuaga, Marcus Breil, Giacomo Cozzi, Jens Heinke, Lisa Jach, Deborah Niermann, Dragan Petrovic, Andy Richling, Johannes Riebold, Stella Steidl, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Dim Coumou, André Düsterhus, Florian Ellsäßer, Georgios Fragkoulidis, Daniel Gliksman, Dörthe Handorf, Karsten Haustein, Kai Kornhuber, Harald Kunstmann, Joaquim G. Pinto, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Elena Xoplaki
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1699–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive, multi-faceted analysis of the 2018 extreme summer in terms of heat and drought in central and northern Europe, with a particular focus on Germany. A combination of favorable large-scale conditions and locally dry soils were related with the intensity and persistence of the events. We also showed that such extremes have become more likely due to anthropogenic climate change and might occur almost every year under +2 °C of global warming.
Marcus Breil, Felix Krawczyk, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 243–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-243-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-243-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We provide evidence that biogeophysical effects of afforestation can counteract the favorable biogeochemical climate effect of reduced CO2 concentrations. By changing the land surface characteristics, afforestation reduces vegetation surface temperatures, resulting in a reduced outgoing longwave radiation in summer, although CO2 concentrations are reduced. Since forests additionally absorb a lot of solar radiation due to their dark surfaces, afforestation has a total warming effect.
Lennart Marien, Mahyar Valizadeh, Wolfgang zu Castell, Christine Nam, Diana Rechid, Alexandra Schneider, Christine Meisinger, Jakob Linseisen, Kathrin Wolf, and Laurens M. Bouwer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3015–3039, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3015-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3015-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Myocardial infarctions (MIs; heart attacks) are influenced by temperature extremes, air pollution, lack of green spaces and ageing population. Here, we apply machine learning (ML) models in order to estimate the influence of various environmental and demographic risk factors. The resulting ML models can accurately reproduce observed annual variability in MI and inter-annual trends. The models allow quantification of the importance of individual factors and can be used to project future risk.
Anne Sophie Daloz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Priscilla Mooney, Susanna Strada, Diana Rechid, Edouard L. Davin, Eleni Katragkou, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Michal Belda, Tomas Halenka, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Peter Hoffmann, Daniela C. A. Lima, Ronny Meier, Pedro M. M. Soares, Giannis Sofiadis, Gustav Strandberg, Merja H. Toelle, and Marianne T. Lund
The Cryosphere, 16, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2403-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2403-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow plays a major role in the regulation of the Earth's surface temperature. Together with climate change, rising temperatures are already altering snow in many ways. In this context, it is crucial to better understand the ability of climate models to represent snow and snow processes. This work focuses on Europe and shows that the melting season in spring still represents a challenge for climate models and that more work is needed to accurately simulate snow–atmosphere interactions.
Swantje Preuschmann, Tanja Blome, Knut Görl, Fiona Köhnke, Bettina Steuri, Juliane El Zohbi, Diana Rechid, Martin Schultz, Jianing Sun, and Daniela Jacob
Adv. Sci. Res., 19, 51–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-19-51-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-19-51-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The main aspect of the paper is to obtain transferable principles for the development of digital knowledge transfer products. As such products are still unstandardised, the authors explored challenges and approaches for product developments. The authors report what they see as useful principles for developing digital knowledge transfer products, by describing the experience of developing the Net-Zero-2050 Web-Atlas and the "Bodenkohlenstoff-App".
Olivier Asselin, Martin Leduc, Dominique Paquin, Katja Winger, Alejandro Di Luca, Melissa Bukovsky, Biljana Music, and Michel Giguère
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-291, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-291, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Planting trees cools the climate by removing CO2 from the atmosphere, but may also cool or warm the climate by altering the albedo, roughness and evapotranspiration efficiency of the surface. To quantify these biogeophysical effects, we ran regional climate models over two idealized worlds, FOREST and GRASS, respectively representing maximum and minimum tree cover over North America and Europe. We find that these effects must be taken into account to successfully mitigate climate change.
Priscilla A. Mooney, Diana Rechid, Edouard L. Davin, Eleni Katragkou, Natalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Anne Sophie Daloz, Peter Hoffmann, Daniela C. A. Lima, Ronny Meier, Pedro M. M. Soares, Giannis Sofiadis, Susanna Strada, Gustav Strandberg, Merja H. Toelle, and Marianne T. Lund
The Cryosphere, 16, 1383–1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1383-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1383-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use multiple regional climate models to show that afforestation in sub-polar and alpine regions reduces the radiative impact of snow albedo on the atmosphere, reduces snow cover, and delays the start of the snowmelt season. This is important for local communities that are highly reliant on snowpack for water resources and winter tourism. However, models disagree on the amount of change particularly when snow is melting. This shows that more research is needed on snow–vegetation interactions.
Vanessa Reinhart, Peter Hoffmann, Diana Rechid, Jürgen Böhner, and Benjamin Bechtel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1735–1794, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1735-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1735-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The LANDMATE plant functional type (PFT) land cover dataset for Europe 2015 (Version 1.0) is a gridded, high-resolution dataset for use in regional climate models. LANDMATE PFT is prepared using the expertise of regional climate modellers all over Europe and is easily adjustable to fit into different climate model families. We provide comprehensive spatial quality information for LANDMATE PFT, which can be used to reduce uncertainty in regional climate model simulations.
Giannis Sofiadis, Eleni Katragkou, Edouard L. Davin, Diana Rechid, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudre, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Peter Hoffmann, Lisa Jach, Ronny Meier, Priscilla A. Mooney, Pedro M. M. Soares, Susanna Strada, Merja H. Tölle, and Kirsten Warrach Sagi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 595–616, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Afforestation is currently promoted as a greenhouse gas mitigation strategy. In our study, we examine the differences in soil temperature and moisture between grounds covered either by forests or grass. The main conclusion emerged is that forest-covered grounds are cooler but drier than open lands in summer. Therefore, afforestation disrupts the seasonal cycle of soil temperature, which in turn could trigger changes in crucial chemical processes such as soil carbon sequestration.
Jan Wohland, Doris Folini, and Bryn Pickering
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1239–1251, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Surface winds fluctuate. From around 1980 to 2010, surface onshore winds generally became weaker, and they have gained in strength since then. While these fluctuations are well known, we currently do not fully understand why they happen. To investigate the reasons, we use a large set of climate simulations with one model, a so-called large ensemble. We find that the observed long-term wind fluctuations occur naturally under current and future conditions and do not require a specific trigger.
Marcus Breil, Emanuel Christner, Alexandre Cauquoin, Martin Werner, Melanie Karremann, and Gerd Schädler
Clim. Past, 17, 1685–1699, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1685-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1685-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time an isotope-enabled regional climate simulation for Greenland is performed for the mid-Holocene. Simulation results are compared with observed isotope ratios in ice cores. Compared to global climate simulations, a regional downscaling improves the agreement with measured isotope concentrations. Thus, an isotope-enabled regional climate simulation constitutes a useful supplement to reconstruct regional paleo-climate conditions during the mid-Holocene in Greenland.
Peter Hoffmann, Vanessa Reinhart, Diana Rechid, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Edouard L. Davin, Christina Asmus, Benjamin Bechtel, Jürgen Böhner, Eleni Katragkou, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-252, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-252, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the new high-resolution land-use land-cover change dataset LUCAS LUC historical and future land use and land cover change dataset (Version 1.0), tailored for use in regional climate models. Historical and projected future land use change information from the Land-Use Harmonization 2 (LUH2) dataset is translated into annual plant functional type changes from 1950 to 2015 and 2016 to 2100, respectively, by employing a newly developed land use translator.
Gerd Schädler and Marcus Breil
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 231–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-231-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-231-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used regional climate networks (RCNs) to identify past heatwaves and droughts in Germany. RCNs provide information for whole areas and can provide many details of extreme events. The RCNs were constructed on the grid of the E-OBS data set. Time series correlation was used to construct the networks. Network metrics were compared to standard extreme indices and differed considerably between normal and extreme years. The results show that RCNs can identify severe and moderate extremes.
Kevin Sieck, Christine Nam, Laurens M. Bouwer, Diana Rechid, and Daniela Jacob
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 457–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-457-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-457-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents new estimates of future extreme weather in Europe, including extreme heat, extreme rainfall and meteorological drought. These new estimates were achieved by repeating model calculations many times, thereby reducing uncertainties of these rare events at low levels of global warming at 1.5 and 2 °C above
pre-industrial temperature levels. These results are important, as they help to assess which weather extremes could increase at moderate warming levels and where.
Charlotte Neubacher, Dirk Witthaut, and Jan Wohland
Adv. Geosci., 54, 205–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-205-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-205-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we investigate the variability of potential offshore wind power over Europe on time scales of more than 10 years. Detailed spectral analysis of potential offshore wind power capacities over the last century indicates a strong coupling to large climate patterns such as the NAO. Furthermore, combining the wind power potential at the German North Sea and the Portuguese Atlantic coast shows that the variability can be mitigated.
Marcus Breil, Edouard L. Davin, and Diana Rechid
Biogeosciences, 18, 1499–1510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1499-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1499-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The physical processes behind varying evapotranspiration rates in forests and grasslands in Europe are investigated in a regional model study with idealized afforestation scenarios. The results show that the evapotranspiration response to afforestation depends on the interplay of two counteracting factors: the transpiration facilitating characteristics of a forest and the reduced saturation deficits of forests caused by an increased surface roughness and associated lower surface temperatures.
Bettina Steuri, Tanja Blome, Katharina Bülow, Juliane El Zohbi, Peter Hoffmann, Juliane Petersen, Susanne Pfeifer, Diana Rechid, and Daniela Jacob
Adv. Sci. Res., 17, 9–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-9-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-9-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The goal of an interdisciplinary team of scientists at the Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) was to make the findings of the special report IPCC SR1.5 more accessible to the citizens of Hamburg. Therefore, a flyer was created that is understandable to non-climate scientists, visually attractive and generates interest.
In this article, the authors provide insights into their teamwork, the underlying guiding principles as well as lessons learned that are of great value for future projects.
Edouard L. Davin, Diana Rechid, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Erika Coppola, Peter Hoffmann, Lisa L. Jach, Eleni Katragkou, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Kai Radtke, Mario Raffa, Pedro M. M. Soares, Giannis Sofiadis, Susanna Strada, Gustav Strandberg, Merja H. Tölle, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-183-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-183-2020, 2020
Jan Wohland, Nour Eddine Omrani, Noel Keenlyside, and Dirk Witthaut
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 515–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-515-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-515-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Wind park planning and power system design require robust wind resource information. While most assessments are restricted to the last four decades, we use centennial reanalyses to study wind energy generation variability in Germany. We find that statistically significant multi-decadal variability exists. These long-term effects must be considered when planning future highly renewable power systems. Otherwise, there is a risk of inefficient system design and ill-informed investments.
Jan Wohland, Mark Reyers, Juliane Weber, and Dirk Witthaut
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 1047–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1047-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1047-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Solar and wind energy generation are weather dependent and can not be switched on when needed. Despite this, stable electricity supply can be obtained by aggregation over large areas, for example Europe. However, we show that strong climate change impedes spatial balancing of electricity because countries are more likely to suffer from simultaneous generation shortfall. As a consequence, local scarcity can less often be balanced by imports.
Andreas Will, Naveed Akhtar, Jennifer Brauch, Marcus Breil, Edouard Davin, Ha T. M. Ho-Hagemann, Eric Maisonnave, Markus Thürkow, and Stefan Weiher
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1549–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1549-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1549-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a coupled regional climate system model. The COSMO CLM regional climate model is two-way coupled via OASIS3-MCT to the land surface, regional ocean for the Mediterranean Sea, North and Baltic seas and an earth system model. The direct coupling costs of communication and horizontal interpolation are shown to be negligible even for a frequent exchange of 450 2-D fields. A procedure of finding an optimum processor configuration is presented and successfully applied to all couplings.
Cited articles
Asselin, O., Leduc, M., Paquin, D., Di Luca, A., Winger, K., Bukovsky, M., Music, B., and Giguère, M.: On the Intercontinental Transferability of Regional Climate Model Response to Severe Forestation, Climate, 10, 138, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10100138, 2022. a
Bloomfield, H. C., Brayshaw, D. J., Shaffrey, L. C., Coker, P. J., and Thornton, H. E.: Quantifying the increasing sensitivity of power systems to climate variability, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 124025, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124025, 2016. a
Breil, M., Rechid, D., Davin, E. L., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Katragkou, E., Cardoso, R. M., Hoffmann, P., Jach, L. L., Soares, P. M. M., Sofiadis, G., Strada, S., Strandberg, G., Tölle, M. H., and Warrach-Sagi, K.: The Opposing Effects of Reforestation and Afforestation on the Diurnal Temperature Cycle at the Surface and in the Lowest Atmospheric Model Level in the European Summer, J. Clim., 33, 9159–9179, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0624.1, 2020. a, b, c, d
Commission, E.: Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’), Official Journal of the European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32021R1119 (last access: 28 October 2024), 2021. a
Confederation, S.: Bundesgesetz über die Ziele im Klimaschutz, die Innovation und die Stärkung der Energiesicherheit, Fedlex, https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/2022/2403/de (last access: 28 October 2024), 2022. a
CORDEX, W.: CORDEX domains for model integrations, https://cordex.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/CORDEX-domain-description_231015.pdf (last access: 28 October 2024), 2015. a
Craig, M. T., Wohland, J., Stoop, L. P., Kies, A., Pickering, B., Bloomfield, H. C., Browell, J., De Felice, M., Dent, C. J., Deroubaix, A., Frischmuth, F., Gonzalez, P. L., Grochowicz, A., Gruber, K., Härtel, P., Kittel, M., Kotzur, L., Labuhn, I., Lundquist, J. K., Pflugradt, N., van der Wiel, K., Zeyringer, M., and Brayshaw, D. J.: Overcoming the disconnect between energy system and climate modeling, Joule, 6, 1405–1417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.05.010, 2022. a
Daloz, A. S., Schwingshackl, C., Mooney, P., Strada, S., Rechid, D., Davin, E. L., Katragkou, E., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Belda, M., Halenka, T., Breil, M., Cardoso, R. M., Hoffmann, P., Lima, D. C. A., Meier, R., Soares, P. M. M., Sofiadis, G., Strandberg, G., Toelle, M. H., and Lund, M. T.: Land–atmosphere interactions in sub-polar and alpine climates in the CORDEX flagship pilot study Land Use and Climate Across Scales (LUCAS) models – Part 1: Evaluation of the snow-albedo effect, The Cryosphere, 16, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2403-2022, 2022. a
Davin, E. L., Rechid, D., Breil, M., Cardoso, R. M., Coppola, E., Hoffmann, P., Jach, L. L., Katragkou, E., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Radtke, K., Raffa, M., Soares, P. M. M., Sofiadis, G., Strada, S., Strandberg, G., Tölle, M. H., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Biogeophysical impacts of forestation in Europe: first results from the LUCAS (Land Use and Climate Across Scales) regional climate model intercomparison, Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-183-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f
Emeis, S.: Wind Energy Meteorology: Atmospheric Physics for Wind Power Generation, Green Energy and Technology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-642-30522-1, 978-3-642-30523-8, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30523-8, 2013. a
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016. a
Haas, S., Schachler, B., and Krien, U.: Windpowerlib – a Python Library to Model Wind Power Plants – v.0.2.0, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3403360, 2019. a
Hahmann, A. N., García-Santiago, O., and Peña, A.: Current and future wind energy resources in the North Sea according to CMIP6, Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2373–2391, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2373-2022, 2022. a, b, c
Hueging, H., Haas, R., Born, K., Jacob, D., and Pinto, J. G.: Regional Changes in Wind Energy Potential over Europe Using Regional Climate Model Ensemble Projections, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 52, 903–917, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-086.1, 2013. a, b
Hurtt, G. C., Chini, L. P., Frolking, S., Betts, R. A., Feddema, J., Fischer, G., Fisk, J. P., Hibbard, K., Houghton, R. A., Janetos, A., Jones, C. D., Kindermann, G., Kinoshita, T., Klein Goldewijk, K., Riahi, K., Shevliakova, E., Smith, S., Stehfest, E., Thomson, A., Thornton, P., van Vuuren, D. P., and Wang, Y. P.: Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100: 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands, Climatic Change, 109, 117–161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0153-2, 2011. a
Hurtt, G. C., Chini, L., Sahajpal, R., Frolking, S., Bodirsky, B. L., Calvin, K., Doelman, J. C., Fisk, J., Fujimori, S., Klein Goldewijk, K., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Heinimann, A., Humpenöder, F., Jungclaus, J., Kaplan, J. O., Kennedy, J., Krisztin, T., Lawrence, D., Lawrence, P., Ma, L., Mertz, O., Pongratz, J., Popp, A., Poulter, B., Riahi, K., Shevliakova, E., Stehfest, E., Thornton, P., Tubiello, F. N., van Vuuren, D. P., and Zhang, X.: Harmonization of global land use change and management for the period 850–2100 (LUH2) for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5425–5464, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5425-2020, 2020. a
IPCC: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Slade, R., Al Khourdajie, A., van Diemen, R., McCollum, D., Pathak, M., Some, S., Vyas, P., Fradera, R., Belkacemi, M., Hasija, A., Lisboa, G., Luz, S., and Malley, J., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926, 2022. a, b
IRENA: Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2021, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2022, ISBN 978-92-9260-452-3, 2022. a
Jacob, D., Petersen, J., Eggert, B., Alias, A., Christensen, O. B., Bouwer, L. M., Braun, A., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Georgievski, G., Georgopoulou, E., Gobiet, A., Menut, L., Nikulin, G., Haensler, A., Hempelmann, N., Jones, C., Keuler, K., Kovats, S., Kröner, N., Kotlarski, S., Kriegsmann, A., Martin, E., van Meijgaard, E., Moseley, C., Pfeifer, S., Preuschmann, S., Radermacher, C., Radtke, K., Rechid, D., Rounsevell, M., Samuelsson, P., Somot, S., Soussana, J.-F., Teichmann, C., Valentini, R., Vautard, R., Weber, B., and Yiou, P.: EURO-CORDEX: new high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research, Reg. Environ. Change, 14, 563–578, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0499-2, 2014. a
Karnauskas, K. B., Lundquist, J. K., and Zhang, L.: Southward shift of the global wind energy resource under high carbon dioxide emissions, Nat. Geosci., 11, 38–43, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0029-9, 2018. a
Knutti, R., Masson, D., and Gettelman, A.: Climate model genealogy: Generation CMIP5 and how we got there: CLIMATE MODEL GENEALOGY, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1194–1199, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50256, 2013. a
Lima, D. C. A., Soares, P. M. M., Cardoso, R. M., Semedo, A., Cabos, W., and Sein, D. V.: The present and future offshore wind resource in the Southwestern African region, Clim. Dynam., 56, 1371–1388, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05536-4, 2021. a
Moemken, J., Reyers, M., Feldmann, H., and Pinto, J. G.: Future Changes of Wind Speed and Wind Energy Potentials in EURO-CORDEX Ensemble Simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6373–6389, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028473, 2018. a
Mooney, P. A., Rechid, D., Davin, E. L., Katragkou, E., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Breil, M., Cardoso, R. M., Daloz, A. S., Hoffmann, P., Lima, D. C. A., Meier, R., Soares, P. M. M., Sofiadis, G., Strada, S., Strandberg, G., Toelle, M. H., and Lund, M. T.: Land–atmosphere interactions in sub-polar and alpine climates in the CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study Land Use and Climate Across Scales (LUCAS) models – Part 2: The role of changing vegetation, The Cryosphere, 16, 1383–1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1383-2022, 2022. a
O’Reilly, C. H., Befort, D. J., Weisheimer, A., Woollings, T., Ballinger, A., and Hegerl, G.: Projections of northern hemisphere extratropical climate underestimate internal variability and associated uncertainty, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 194, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00268-7, 2021. a
Pryor, S. C., Barthelmie, R. J., Bukovsky, M. S., Leung, L. R., and Sakaguchi, K.: Climate change impacts on wind power generation, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 1, 627–643, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0101-7, 2020. a, b
Reyers, M., Moemken, J., and Pinto, J. G.: Future changes of wind energy potentials over Europe in a large CMIP5 multi-model ensemble: FUTURE CHANGES OF WIND ENERGY OVER EUROPE IN A CMIP5 ENSEMBLE, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 783–796, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4382, 2016. a
Schemm, S.: Toward Eliminating the Decades‐Old “Too Zonal and Too Equatorward” Storm‐Track Bias in Climate Models, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 15, e2022MS003482, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003482, 2023. a
Schlott, M., Kies, A., Brown, T., Schramm, S., and Greiner, M.: The impact of climate change on a cost-optimal highly renewable European electricity network, Appl. Energ., 230, 1645–1659, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.084, 2018. a, b
Simpson, I. R., Deser, C., McKinnon, K. A., and Barnes, E. A.: Modeled and Observed Multidecadal Variability in the North Atlantic Jet Stream and Its Connection to Sea Surface Temperatures, J. Climate, 31, 8313–8338, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0168.1, 2018. a
Soares, P. M. M., Lima, D. C. A., Semedo, A., Cabos, W., and Sein, D. V.: Climate change impact on Northwestern African offshore wind energy resources, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 124065, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5731, 2019. a, b
Soares, P. M. M., Lima, D. C. A., and Nogueira, M.: Global offshore wind energy resources using the new ERA-5 reanalysis, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 1040a2, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb10d, 2020. a
Sofiadis, G., Katragkou, E., Davin, E. L., Rechid, D., De Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Breil, M., Cardoso, R. M., Hoffmann, P., Jach, L., Meier, R., Mooney, P. A., Soares, P. M. M., Strada, S., Tölle, M. H., and Warrach Sagi, K.: Afforestation impact on soil temperature in regional climate model simulations over Europe, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 595–616, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-595-2022, 2022. a
Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J., and Meehl, G. A.: An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 485–498, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1, 2012. a, b
Thompson, E.: Escape from model land : how mathematical models can lead us astray and what we can do about it, Hodder And Stoughton, New York, Basic Books, New York, NY, ISBN 978-1-5416-0098-0, 2022. a
Tobin, I., Jerez, S., Vautard, R., Thais, F., van Meijgaard, E., Prein, A., Déqué, M., Kotlarski, S., Maule, C. F., Nikulin, G., Noël, T., and Teichmann, C.: Climate change impacts on the power generation potential of a European mid-century wind farms scenario, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 034013, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034013, 2016. a, b
UK: Climate Change Act, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/section/1 (last access: 28 October 2024), 2008. a
van der Wiel, K., Stoop, L., van Zuijlen, B., Blackport, R., van den Broek, M., and Selten, F.: Meteorological conditions leading to extreme low variable renewable energy production and extreme high energy shortfall, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 111, 261–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.065, 2019. a
Weide Luiz, E. and Fiedler, S.: Spatiotemporal observations of nocturnal low-level jets and impacts on wind power production, Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1575–1591, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1575-2022, 2022. a
Wohland, J.: Process-based climate change assessment for European winds using EURO-CORDEX and global models, Environ. Res. Lett., 17, 124047, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aca77f, 2022. a, b, c
Wohland, J., Reyers, M., Weber, J., and Witthaut, D.: More homogeneous wind conditions under strong climate change decrease the potential for inter-state balancing of electricity in Europe, Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 1047–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1047-2017, 2017. a
Wohland, J., Brayshaw, D., and Pfenninger, S.: Mitigating a century of European renewable variability with transmission and informed siting, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 064026, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abff89, 2021a. a
Wohland, J., Folini, D., and Pickering, B.: Wind speed stilling and its recovery due to internal climate variability, Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1239–1251, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1239-2021, 2021b. a
Short summary
We evaluate how winds change when humans grow or cut down forests. Our analysis draws from climate model simulations with extreme scenarios where Europe is either fully forested or covered with grass. We find that the effect of land use change on wind energy is very important: wind energy potentials are twice as high above grass as compared to forest in some locations. Our results imply that wind profile changes should be better incorporated in climate change assessments for wind energy.
We evaluate how winds change when humans grow or cut down forests. Our analysis draws from...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint