Articles | Volume 14, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-931-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-931-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Sep 2023
Research article |
| 08 Sep 2023
| 08 Sep 2023
A 20-year satellite-reanalysis-based climatology of extreme precipitation characteristics over the Sinai Peninsula
Mohsen Soltani
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Natural Water Production Theme, European Centre of Excellence for
Sustainable Water Technology (Wetsus), Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Bert Hamelers
Natural Water Production Theme, European Centre of Excellence for
Sustainable Water Technology (Wetsus), Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, the Netherlands
Abbas Mofidi
Department of Geography, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad,
Iran
Christopher G. Fletcher
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Arie Staal
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Stefan C. Dekker
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Patrick Laux
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
Joel Arnault
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Harald Kunstmann
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
Ties van der Hoeven
The Weather Makers B.V., Burgemeester Loeffplein, 'S-Hertogenbosch,
the Netherlands
Maarten Lanters
The Weather Makers B.V., Burgemeester Loeffplein, 'S-Hertogenbosch,
the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Yining Zang, Pauline C. Treble, Kei Yoshimura, Jayson Gabriel Pinza, Fengbo Zhang, Kübra Özdemir Çallı, Xiaojun Mei, Admin Husic, Alena Gessert, Andrej Stroj, Bartolomé Andreo, Bernard Ladouche, Christine Stumpp, Diana Mance, Eleni Zagana, Fen Huang, Giuseppe Sappa, Harald Kunstmann, Heike Brielmann, Hong Zhou, Huaying Wu, Jakob Garvelmann, James Berglund, Jean-Baptiste Charlier, Jens Lange, Juan Antonio Barberá Fornell, Junbing Pu, Konstantina Katsanou, Kun Ren, Laura Toran, Laurence Gill, Maria Filippini, Martin Kralik, Matías Mudarra Martínez, Min Zhao, Mingming Luo, Nico Goldscheider, Nikolaos Lambrakis, Pantaleone De Vita, Qiong Xiao, Shi Yu, Silvia Iacurto, Silvio Coda, Ted McCormack, Vincenzo Allocca, W. George Darling, Walter D’Alessandro, Xulei Guo, Yundi Hu, Zhijun Wang, Eva Kaminsky, Jiří Faimon, Marek Lang, Pavel Pracný, and Andreas Hartmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-812, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-812, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the first global database of water from karst springs and cave drips that records different forms of oxygen and hydrogen, which naturally trace how rainwater moves through rocks. By gathering and checking thousands of measurements from around the globe and linking them with flow and rainfall data, the database provides a comprehensive view of water movement, allows scientists to compare regions, understand groundwater processes, and support sustainable water management worldwide.
Jolanda J. E. Theeuwen, Sarah N. Warnau, Imme B. Benedict, Stefan C. Dekker, Hubertus V. M. Hamelers, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Arie Staal
Biogeosciences, 22, 6913–6936, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6913-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6913-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Basin is prone to drying. This study uses a simple model to explore how forests affect the potential for rainfall by analyzing the lowest part of the atmosphere. Results show that forest contributes to rainfall potential in wet regions, where it also promotes cooling, and may reduce local precipitation in dry regions. These findings suggest that the impact of forestation varies with soil moisture, and may possibly mitigate or intensify future drying.
Ling Zhang, Lu Li, Zhongshi Zhang, Joël Arnault, Stefan Sobolowski, Xiaoling Chen, Jianzhong Lu, Anthony Musili Mwanthi, Pratik Kad, Mohammed Abdullahi Hassan, Tanja Portele, Harald Kunstmann, and Zhengkang Zuo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 4109–4132, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4109-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4109-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To address challenges related to unreliable hydrological simulations, we present an enhanced hydrological simulation with a refined climate model and a more comprehensive hydrological model. The model with the two parts outperforms that without, especially in migrating bias in peak flow and dry-season flow. Our findings highlight the enhanced hydrological simulation capability, with the refined climate and lake module contributing 24 % and 76 % improvement, respectively.
Yinchi Zhang, Wanling Xu, Chao Deng, Shao Sun, Miaomiao Ma, Jianhui Wei, Ying Chen, Harald Kunstmann, and Lu Gao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2438, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Most studies of compound extremes assume stable climate conditions. We use high-resolution regional climate modeling and non-stationary statistical methods to assess future changes in southeastern China. Our results show that non-stationary models better capture shifts in the risk of compound extremes, highlighting that traditional methods may underestimate future threats.
Ningpeng Dong, Haoran Hao, Mingxiang Yang, Jianhui Wei, Shiqin Xu, and Harald Kunstmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2023–2042, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2023-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2023-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrometeorological forecasting is crucial for managing water resources and mitigating extreme weather events, yet current long-term forecast products are often embedded with uncertainties. We develop a deep-learning-based modelling framework to improve 30 d rainfall and streamflow forecasts by combining advanced neural networks and physical models. With the flow forecast error reduced by up to 33 %, the framework has the potential to enhance water management and disaster prevention.
Samaneh Sabetghadam, Christopher G. Fletcher, and Andre Erler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 887–902, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-887-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-887-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Snow water equivalent (SWE) is an environmental variable that represents the amount of liquid water if all the snow cover melted. This study evaluates the potential of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to estimate the daily values of SWE over the mountainous South Saskatchewan River Basin in Canada. Results show that high-resolution WRF simulations can provide reliable SWE values as an accurate input for hydrologic modeling over a sparsely monitored mountainous catchment.
Arie Staal, Pim Meijer, Maganizo Kruger Nyasulu, Obbe A. Tuinenburg, and Stefan C. Dekker
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 215–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-215-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-215-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Many areas across the globe rely on upwind land areas for their precipitation supply through terrestrial precipitation recycling. Here we simulate global precipitation recycling in four climate and land-use scenarios until 2100. We find that global terrestrial moisture recycling decreases by 1.5 % with every degree of global warming but with strong regional differences.
Tyler C. Herrington, Christopher G. Fletcher, and Heather Kropp
The Cryosphere, 18, 1835–1861, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1835-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1835-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here we validate soil temperatures from eight reanalysis products across the pan-Arctic and compare their performance to a newly calculated ensemble mean soil temperature product. We find that most product soil temperatures have a relatively large RMSE of 2–9 K. It is found that the ensemble mean product outperforms individual reanalysis products. Therefore, we recommend the ensemble mean soil temperature product for the validation of climate models and for input to hydrological models.
Maximilian Graf, Andreas Wagner, Julius Polz, Llorenç Lliso, José Alberto Lahuerta, Harald Kunstmann, and Christian Chwala
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2165–2182, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links (CMLs) can be used for rainfall retrieval. The detection of rainy periods in their attenuation time series is a crucial processing step. We investigate the usage of rainfall data from MSG SEVIRI for this task, compare this approach with existing methods, and introduce a novel combined approach. The results show certain advantages for SEVIRI-based methods, particularly for CMLs where existing methods perform poorly. Our novel combination yields the best performance.
Patrick Olschewski, Qi Sun, Jianhui Wei, Yu Li, Zhan Tian, Laixiang Sun, Joël Arnault, Tanja C. Schober, Brian Böker, Harald Kunstmann, and Patrick Laux
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-95, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-95, 2024
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
There are indications that typhoon intensities may increase under global warming. However, further research on these projections and their uncertainties is necessary. We study changes in typhoon intensity under SSP5-8.5 for seven events affecting the Pearl River Delta using Pseudo-Global Warming and a storyline approach based on 16 CMIP6 models. Results show intensified wind speed, sea level pressure drop and precipitation levels for six events with amplified increases for individual storylines.
Patrick Olschewski, Mame Diarra Bousso Dieng, Hassane Moutahir, Brian Böker, Edwin Haas, Harald Kunstmann, and Patrick Laux
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1099–1134, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We applied a multivariate and dependency-preserving bias correction method to climate model output for the Greater Mediterranean Region and investigated potential changes in false-spring events (FSEs) and heat–drought compound events (HDCEs). Results project an increase in the frequency of FSEs in middle and late spring as well as increases in frequency, intensity, and duration for HDCEs. This will potentially aggravate the risk of crop loss and failure and negatively impact food security.
Neha Kanda and Christopher G. Fletcher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-639, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-639, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
For improved water management in snow-dominated regions like Northern Canada, accurate estimates of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), a metric that quantifies the water in a snowpack are crucial. Our study aims to improve the SWE estimates which were found to be underestimated, particularly in the mountains. We tested four correction techniques and found Random Forest (RF) to be the most effective technique that significantly reduced the errors.
Qi Sun, Patrick Olschewski, Jianhui Wei, Zhan Tian, Laixiang Sun, Harald Kunstmann, and Patrick Laux
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 761–780, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-761-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-761-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones (TCs) often cause high economic loss due to heavy winds and rainfall, particularly in densely populated regions such as the Pearl River Delta (China). This study provides a reference to set up regional climate models for TC simulations. They contribute to a better TC process understanding and assess the potential changes and risks of TCs in the future. This lays the foundation for hydrodynamical modelling, from which the cities' disaster management and defence could benefit.
Dragan Petrovic, Benjamin Fersch, and Harald Kunstmann
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 265–289, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of model resolution and settings on the reproduction of heat waves in Germany between 1980–2009 is analyzed. Outputs from a high-resolution model with settings tailored to the target region are compared to those from coarser-resolution models with more general settings. Neither the increased resolution nor the tailored model settings are found to add significant value to the heat wave simulation. The models exhibit a large spread, indicating that the choice of model can be crucial.
Efi Rousi, Andreas H. Fink, Lauren S. Andersen, Florian N. Becker, Goratz Beobide-Arsuaga, Marcus Breil, Giacomo Cozzi, Jens Heinke, Lisa Jach, Deborah Niermann, Dragan Petrovic, Andy Richling, Johannes Riebold, Stella Steidl, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Dim Coumou, André Düsterhus, Florian Ellsäßer, Georgios Fragkoulidis, Daniel Gliksman, Dörthe Handorf, Karsten Haustein, Kai Kornhuber, Harald Kunstmann, Joaquim G. Pinto, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Elena Xoplaki
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1699–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive, multi-faceted analysis of the 2018 extreme summer in terms of heat and drought in central and northern Europe, with a particular focus on Germany. A combination of favorable large-scale conditions and locally dry soils were related with the intensity and persistence of the events. We also showed that such extremes have become more likely due to anthropogenic climate change and might occur almost every year under +2 °C of global warming.
Jolanda J. E. Theeuwen, Arie Staal, Obbe A. Tuinenburg, Bert V. M. Hamelers, and Stefan C. Dekker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1457–1476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1457-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1457-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Evaporation changes over land affect rainfall over land via moisture recycling. We calculated the local moisture recycling ratio globally, which describes the fraction of evaporated moisture that rains out within approx. 50 km of its source location. This recycling peaks in summer as well as over wet and elevated regions. Local moisture recycling provides insight into the local impacts of evaporation changes and can be used to study the influence of regreening on local rainfall.
Dragan Petrovic, Benjamin Fersch, and Harald Kunstmann
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3875–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of model resolution and settings on drought reproduction in Germany between 1980–2009 is investigated here. Outputs from a high-resolution model with settings tailored to the target region are compared to those from coarser-resolution models with more general settings. Gridded observational data sets serve as reference. Regarding the reproduction of drought characteristics, all models perform on a similar level, while for trends, only the modified model produces reliable outputs.
Benjamin Fersch, Andreas Wagner, Bettina Kamm, Endrit Shehaj, Andreas Schenk, Peng Yuan, Alain Geiger, Gregor Moeller, Bernhard Heck, Stefan Hinz, Hansjörg Kutterer, and Harald Kunstmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5287–5307, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a comprehensive multi-disciplinary dataset for tropospheric water vapor was developed. Geodetic, photogrammetric, and atmospheric modeling and data fusion techniques were used to obtain maps of water vapor in a high spatial and temporal resolution. It could be shown that regional weather simulations for different seasons benefit from assimilating these maps and that the combination of the different observation techniques led to positive synergies.
Chih-Chun Chou, Paul J. Kushner, Stéphane Laroche, Zen Mariani, Peter Rodriguez, Stella Melo, and Christopher G. Fletcher
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4443–4461, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4443-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4443-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aeolus is the first satellite that provides global wind profile measurements. The mission aims to improve the weather forecasts in the tropics, but also, potentially, in the polar regions. We evaluate the performance of the instrument over the Canadian North and the Arctic by comparing its measured winds in both cloudy and non-cloudy layers to wind data from forecasts, reanalysis, and ground-based instruments. Overall, good agreement was seen, but Aeolus winds have greater dispersion.
Heye Reemt Bogena, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Vassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova, John G. Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H. Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of increasingly frequent droughts is a prerequisite for climate adaptation strategies. This data paper presents long-term soil moisture measurements recorded by 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) operated by 24 institutions and distributed across major climate zones in Europe. Data processing followed harmonized protocols and state-of-the-art methods to generate consistent and comparable soil moisture products and to facilitate continental-scale analysis of hydrological extremes.
Md Feroz Islam, Paul P. Schot, Stefan C. Dekker, Jasper Griffioen, and Hans Middelkoop
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 903–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The potential of sedimentation in the lowest parts of polders (beels) through controlled flooding with dike breach (tidal river management – TRM) to counterbalance relative sea level rise (RSLR) in 234 beels of SW Bangladesh is determined in this study, using 2D models and multiple regression. Lower beels located closer to the sea have the highest potential. Operating TRM only during the monsoon season is sufficient to raise the land surface of most beels by more than 3 times the yearly RSLR.
Bernd Schalge, Gabriele Baroni, Barbara Haese, Daniel Erdal, Gernot Geppert, Pablo Saavedra, Vincent Haefliger, Harry Vereecken, Sabine Attinger, Harald Kunstmann, Olaf A. Cirpka, Felix Ament, Stefan Kollet, Insa Neuweiler, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Clemens Simmer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4437–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a 9-year simulation of complete model output of a coupled atmosphere–land-surface–subsurface model on the catchment scale is discussed. We used the Neckar catchment in SW Germany as the basis of this simulation. Since the dataset includes the full model output, it is not only possible to investigate model behavior and interactions between the component models but also use it as a virtual truth for comparison of, for example, data assimilation experiments.
John G. Virgin, Christopher G. Fletcher, Jason N. S. Cole, Knut von Salzen, and Toni Mitovski
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5355–5372, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5355-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5355-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Equilibrium climate sensitivity, or the amount of warming the Earth would exhibit a result of a doubling of atmospheric CO2, is a common metric used in assessments of climate models. Here, we compare climate sensitivity between two versions of the Canadian Earth System Model. We find the newest iteration of the model (version 5) to have higher climate sensitivity due to reductions in low-level clouds, which reflect radiation and cool the planet, as the surface warms.
Christof Lorenz, Tanja C. Portele, Patrick Laux, and Harald Kunstmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2701–2722, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2701-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2701-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Semi-arid regions depend on the freshwater resources from the rainy seasons as they are crucial for ensuring security for drinking water, food and electricity. Thus, forecasting the conditions for the next season is crucial for proactive water management. We hence present a seasonal forecast product for four semi-arid domains in Iran, Brazil, Sudan/Ethiopia and Ecuador/Peru. It provides a benchmark for seasonal forecasts and, finally, a crucial contribution for improved disaster preparedness.
Cited articles
Alpert, P. and Ziv, B.: The Sharav cyclone: Observations and some
theoretical considerations, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18495–18514,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD15p18495, 1989.
Alpert, P. and Shay-El, Y.: The moisture source for the winter cyclones in
the eastern Mediterranean, Israel Meteorological Research Papers (IMRP), 5,
20–27, 1994.
Alpert, P., Abramsky, R., and Neeman, B. U.: The prevailing summer synoptic
system in Israel – Subtropical High, not Persian Trough, Isr. J. Earth Sci.,
39, 93–102. 1990.
Alpert, P., Ben-Gai, T., Baharad, A., Benjamini, Y., Yekutieli, D.,
Colacino, M., Diodato, L. Ramis, C., Homar, V., Romero, R., Michaelides, S.,
Manes, A.: The paradoxical increase of Mediterranean extreme daily rainfall
in spite of decrease in total values, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29,
1536, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013554, 2002.
Alpert, P., Osetinsky, I., Ziv, B., and Shafir, H.: Semi-objective
classification for daily synoptic systems: application to the eastern
Mediterranean climate change, Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1001–1011,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1036, 2004.
Ajjur, S. and Riffi, M.: Analysis of the observed trends in daily extreme
precipitation indices in Gaza Strip during 1974–2016, Int. J. Climatol.,
40, 6189–6200, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6576, 2020.
Almazroui, M. and Awad, A. M.: Synoptic regimes associated with the eastern
Mediterranean wet season cyclone tracks, Atmos. Res., 180, 92–118,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.05.015, 2016.
Almazroui, M., Awad, A. M., Nazrul Islam, M., and Al-Khalaf, A. K.: A
climatological study: wet season cyclone tracks in the East Mediterranean
region, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 120, 351–365,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1178-z, 2014.
Almazroui, M., Awad, A. M., and Nazrul Islam, M.: Characteristics of the internal
and external sources of the Mediterranean synoptic cyclones for the period
1956–2013, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 133, 811–827,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2218-2, 2017.
Arnous, M. O. and Omar, A. E.: Hydrometeorological hazards assessment of some
basins in Southwestern Sinai area, Egypt. J. Coast. Conserv.,
22, 721–743, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-018-0604-2, 2018.
Baldi, M., Amin, D., Al Zayed, I. S., and Dalu, G.: Climatology and Dynamical
Evolution of Extreme Rainfall Events in the Sinai Peninsula-Egypt,
Sustainability, 12, 6186, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156186, 2020.
Badreldin, N. and Goossens, R.: A satellite-based disturbance index
algorithm for monitoring mitigation strategies effects on desertification
change in an arid environment, Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change, 20, 263–276,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9490-y, 2013.
Barkhordarian, A., Von Storch, H., and Bhend, J.: The expectation of future
precipitation change over the Mediterranean region is different from what we
observe, Clim. Dynam, 40, 225–244,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1497-7, 2013.
Ben David-Novak, H., Morin, E., Enzel, Y.: Modern extreme storms and the
rainfall thresholds for initiating debris flows on the hyperarid western
escarpment of the Dead Sea, Israel. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
116, 718–728, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25403.1, 2004.
Ben-Zvi, A.: Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships derived
from large partial duration series, J. Hydrol., 367, 104–114,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.01.007, 2009.
Boucek, R. E., Gaiser, E. E., Liu, H., and Rehage, J. S.: A review of
subtropical community resistance and resilience to extreme cold spells,
Ecosphere, 7, e01455, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1455, 2016.
Buzzi, A., Richard, E., and Romero, R.: Summary Report on MEDEX Studies and
Scientific Results on Mediterranean Cyclones Causing High Impact Weather,
MEDEX Project,http://medex.aemet.uib.es/index.html (last access: 30 October 2021), 2005.
Campins, J., Genoves, A., Jansa, A., Guijarro, J. A., and Ramis, C.: A catalogue
and a classification of surface cyclones for the western Mediterranean, Int.
J. Climatol., 20, 969–984,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(200007)20:9<969::AID-JOC519>3.0.CO;2-4, 2000.
Caracciolo, D., Francipane, A., Viola, F., Valerio Noto, L., and Deidda, R.:
Performances of GPM satellite precipitation over the two major Mediterranean
islands, Atmos. Res., 213, 309–322,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.06.010, 2018.
Charlton-Perez, A. J., Aldridge, R. W., Grams, C. M., and Lee, R.: Winter
pressures on the UK health system dominated by the Greenland blocking
weather regime, Weather Clim. Extr., 25, 100218,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2019.100218, 2019.
Cinzia Marra, A., Federico, S., Montopoli, M., Avolio, E., Baldini, L.,
Casella, D., D'Adderio, L. P., Dietrich, S., Sanò, P., Torcasio, R. C.,
and Panegrossi, G.: The Precipitation Structure of the Mediterranean
Tropical-Like Cyclone Numa: Analysis of GPM Observations and Numerical
Weather Prediction Model Simulations, Remote Sens., 2019, 1690,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141690, 2019.
Cools, J., Vanderkimpen, P., El Afandi, G., Abdelkhalek, A., Fockedey, S., El Sammany, M., Abdallah, G., El Bihery, M., Bauwens, W., and Huygens, M.: An early warning system for flash floods in hyper-arid Egypt, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 443–457, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-443-2012, 2012.
David-Novak, H. B., Morin, E., and Enzel, Y.: Modern extreme storms and the
rainfall thresholds for initiating debris flows on the hyperarid western
escarpment of the Dead Sea Israel, GSA Bull., 116, 718–728,
https://doi.org/10.1130/B25403.1, 2004.
Dayan, U., Ziv, B., Margalit, A., Morin, E., and Sharon, D.: A severe autumn
storm over the middle-east: synoptic and mesoscale convection analysis,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 69, 103–122, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007040170038,
2001.
Dayan, U., Nissen, K., and Ulbrich, U.: Review Article: Atmospheric conditions inducing extreme precipitation over the eastern and western Mediterranean, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2525–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2525-2015, 2015.
Dadamouny, M. A. and Schnittler, M.: Trends of climate with rapid change in
Sinai, Egypt, J. Water Clim. Change, 7, 393–414,
https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.215, 2016.
Dawson, A.: eofs: A Library for EOF Analysis of Meteorological,
Oceanographic, and Climate Data, [code], J. Open Res. Softw., 4, e14,
https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.122, 2016.
de Vries, A. J., Tyrlis, E., Edry, D., Krichak, S. O., Steil, B., Lelieveld,
J.: Extreme precipitation events in the Middle East: Dynamics of the Active
Red Sea Trough, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 7087–7108,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50569, 2013.
El-Magd, A. I., Hermas, E., and El-Bastawesy, M.: GIS modelling of the spatial
variability of flash flood hazard in Abu Dabbab Catchment, Red Sea Region,
Egypt, Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Sp. Sci. 13, 81–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2010.07.010, 2010.
El Afandi, G., Morsy, M., and El Hussieny, F.: Heavy Rainfall Simulation over
Sinai Peninsula Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model,
Int. J. Atmos. Sci., 11, 241050,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/241050, 2013.
ElFakharany, M. A., and Mansour, N. M.: Morphometric analysis and flash
foods hazards assessment for Wadi Al Aawag drainage Basins, southwest Sinai,
Egypt, Environ. Earth Sci., 80, 168
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09457-1, 2021.
El-Sayed, E. A. and Habib, E.: Advanced Technique for Rainfall-Runoff
Simulation in Arid Catchments Sinai, Egypt. The 3rd International Conf. on
Water Resources & Arid Environment (2008) and First Arab Forum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 16–19 November 2008, 2008.
Farahat, M. S., Elmoustafa, A. M., and Hasan, A. A.: Developing flash foods
inundation maps using remote sensing data, a case study: Wadi AL-Arish,
Sinai, Egypt, Am. J. Eng. Res., (AJER) 6, 172–181, 2017.
Flocas, H., Simmonds, L., Kouroutzoglou, J., Keay, K., Hatzaki, M.,
Bricolas, V., and Asimakopoulos, D.: On Cyclonic Tracks over the Eastern
Mediterranean, J. Climate, 23, 5243–5257,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3426.1, 2010.
Flaounas, E., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., and Flaounas, I.: CycloTRACK (v1.0) – tracking winter extratropical cyclones based on relative vorticity: sensitivity to data filtering and other relevant parameters, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1841–1853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1841-2014, 2014.
Flaounas, E., RavehRubin, S., Wernli, H., Drobinski, P., and Bastin, S.: The
dynamical structure of intense Mediterranean cyclones, Clim. Dynam., 44,
2411–2427, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2330-2, 2015.
Flaounas, E., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Gray, S., Rysman, J. F., and Claud,
C.: Heavy rainfall in Mediterranean cyclones, Part I: Contribution of deep
convection and warm conveyor, Clim. Dynam., 50, 29352949,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820173783x, 2018.
Gado T. A.: Statistical Behavior of Rainfall in Egypt, in: Flash Floods in Egypt, edited by: Negm, A.,
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
(IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development), Springer,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29635-3_2, 2020.
Givati, A., Thirel, G., Rosenfeld, D., and Paz, D.: Climate change impacts on
streamflow at the upper Jordan River based on an ensemble of regional
climate models, J. Hydrol., 21, 92–109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.12.004, 2019.
Gabella, M., Michaelides, S., Constantinides, P., and Perona, G.: Climatological
validation of TRMM precipitation radar monthly rain products over Cyprus
during the first 5 years (December 1997 to November 2002), Meteorol. Z.,
15, 559–564, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0158, 2006.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S. et al.: The ERA5 global
reanalysis, [code], Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146,
1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hochman, A., Rostkier-Edelstein, D., Kunin, P., and Pinto, J. G.: Changes in the
characteristics of “wet” and “dry” Red Sea Trough over the Eastern
Mediterranean in CMIP5 climate projections, Theor. Appl.
Clim., 143, 781–794, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03449-0, 2020.
Homar, V., Jansà, A., Campins, J., Genovés, A., and Ramis, C.: Towards a systematic climatology of sensitivities of Mediterranean high impact weather: a contribution based on intense cyclones, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 445–454, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-445-2007, 2007.
Hourngir, D., Panegrossi, G., Casella, D., Sanò, P., D'Adderio, L. P.,
and Liu, C.: A 4-Year Climatological Analysis Based on GPM Observations of Deep
Convective Events in the Mediterranean Region, Remote Sens., 13, 1685,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091685, 2021.
Huffman, G. J., Bolvin, D. T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., and Xie, P.:
NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellitE
Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), NASA Report, https://gpm.nasa.gov/ [data set], (last access: 25 September 2020) 1–35, 2014.
IPCC Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung,
J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
Kahana, R., Ziv, B., Enzel, Y., and Dayan, U.: Synoptic climatology of major
floods in the Negev desert, Israel, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 867–882,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.766, 2002.
Kalnay, E.,, Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin. L., et al.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, [data set], B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Koutroulis, A. G. and Tsanis, I. K.: A method for estimating flash flood peak
discharge in a poorly gauged basin: Case study for the 13–14 January 1994
flood, Giofiros basin, Crete, Greece, J. Hydrol., 385, 150–164,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.02.012, 2010.
Kostopoulou, E. and Jones, P. D.: Assessment of climate extremes in the
Eastern Mediterranean, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 89, 69–85,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0122-2, 2005.
Kotsias, G., Lolis, C., Hatzianastassiou, N., Lionello, P., and Bartzokas, A.:
An objective definition of seasons for the Mediterranean region, Int. J.
Clim., 41, 1889–1905, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6819, 2020.
Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., and Defer, E.: The Antalya 5 December 2002 Storm:
Observations and Model Analysis, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 45, 576–590, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2347.1, 2006.
Krichak, S. O., Kishcha P., and Alpert, P.: Decadal trends of main Eurasian
oscillations and the Eastern Mediterranean precipitation, Theor. Appl.
Climatol., 72, 209–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007040200021, 2002.
Krichak, S. O., Alpert, P., and Krishnamurti, T. N.: Red Sea Trough/Cyclone
Development- Numerical Investigation, Meteorol, Atmos. Phys., 63, 159–169,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01027382, 1997.
Levy, Y., Burg, A., Yechieli, Y., and Gvirtzman, H.: Displacement of springs and
changes in groundwater flow regime due to the extreme drop in adjacent lake
levels: The Dead Sea rift, J. Hydrol., 587, 124928,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydrol.2020.124928, 2020.
Lionello, P., Trigo, I., Gil, V., Liberato, M. R., et al.: Objective
climatology of cyclones in the Mediterranean region: a consensus view among
methods with different system identification and tracking criteria, Tellus
A, 68, 29391, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v68.29391, 2016.
Lois, C. J.: Winter cloudiness variability in the Mediterranean region and
its connection to atmospheric circulation features, Theor. Appl. Climatol.,
96, 357–373, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-008-0046-0, 2009.
Mathbout, S., Lopez-Bustins, A., Roye, D., Martin-Vide, J., Bech, J.,
and Rodrigo, F. S.: Observed Changes in Daily Precipitation Extremes at Annual
Timescale Over the Eastern Mediterranean During 1961–2012, Pure Appl.
Geophys., 175, 3875–3890, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1695-7, 2018.
Mehta, A. V. and Yang, S.: Precipitation climatology over Mediterranean
Basin from ten years of TRMM measurements, Adv. Geosci., 17, 87–91,
https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-17-87-2008, 2008.
Morsy, M., Sayad, T., and Khamees, A. S.: Towards instability index development
for heavy rainfall events over Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean,
Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 132, 255–272,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-019-00686-5, 2019.
Morin, E., Harats, N., Jacoby, Y., Arbel, S., Getker, M., Arazi, A., Grodek,
T., Ziv, B., and Dayan, U.: Studying the extremes: hydrometeorological
investigation of a flood-causing rainstorm over Israel, Adv. Geosci., 12,
107-114, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-12-107-2007, 2007.
Mohamed, S. A. and El-Raey, M. E.: Vulnerability assessment for flash foods
using GIS spatial modeling and remotely sensed data in ElArish City,
North Sinai, Egypt, Nat. Hazards, 102, 707–728,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03571-x, 2019.
Morad, N. A.: Assessment of the rainfall storm events of January 2010 and
March 2014 for the catchment modelling of Wadi-El-Arish and Wadi-Wardan
basins, Sinai, Egypt, Egypt. J. Desert Res., 66, 137–168,
https://doi.org/10.21608/ejdr.2016.5772, 2016.
Nastos, P. T., Kapsomenakis, J., and Douvis, K. C.: Analysis of precipitation
extremes based on satellite and high-resolution gridded data set over
Mediterranean basin, Atmos. Res., 131, 46–59,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.04.009, 2013.
Neu, U., Akperov, M. G., Bellenbaum, N., Benestad, R., et al.: IMILAST: A
Community Effort to Intercompare Extratropical Cyclone Detection and
Tracking Algorithms, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94,
529–547, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00154.1, 2013.
Nissen, K. M., Leckebusch, G. C., Pinto, J. G., Renggli, D., Ulbrich, S., and Ulbrich, U.: Cyclones causing wind storms in the Mediterranean: characteristics, trends and links to large-scale patterns, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1379–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1379-2010, 2010.
Ocakoglu, F., Gokceoglu, C., and Ercanoglu, M.: Dynamics of a complex mass
movement triggered by heavy rainfall: a case study from NW Turkey,
Geomorphology, 42, 341, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00094-0,
2002.
Omran, E.-S. E.: Egypt's Sinai Desert Cries: Flash Flood Hazard,
Vulnerability, and Mitigation, in: Flash Floods in Egypt, edited by: Negm, A. M., Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Adv. Sci., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29635-3_11,
2020.
Petracca, M., D'Adderio, L. P., Porcu, F., Vulpiani, G., Sebastianelli, S.,
and Puca, S.: Validation of GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) Rainfall
Products over Italy, J. Hydrometeorol., 19, 907–925,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0144.1, 2018.
Prama, M., Omran, A., Schröder, D., and Abouelmagd, A.: Vulnerability
assessment of flash floods in Wadi Dahab Basin, Egypt, Environ. Earth
Sci., 79, 114, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-8860-5, 2020.
Peleg, N. and Morin, E.: Convective rain cells: Radar-derived
spatiotemporal characteristics and synoptic patterns over the eastern
Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D15116,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017353, 2012, 2012.
Peleg, N., Morin, E., Gvirtzman, H., and Enzel, Y.: Rainfall, spring discharge
and past human occupancy in the Eastern Mediterranean, Clim. Change,
112, 769–789, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011- 0232-4, 2012.
Pfahl, S. and Wernli, H.: Quantifying the relevance of atmospheric blocking
for co-located temperature extremes in the Northern Hemisphere on
(sub-)daily time scales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L12807,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052261, 2012.
Prantl, M., Žák, M., and Prantl, D.: CycloneDetector (v1.0) – Algorithm for detecting cyclone and anticyclone centers from mean sea level pressure layer, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-266, 2021.
Raible, C. C., Della-Marta, P. M., Schwierz, C., Wernli, H., and Blender, R.:
Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclones: A Comparison of Detection and
Tracking Methods and Different Reanalyses, Month. Weather Rev., 136,
880–897, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2143.1, 2008.
Retalis, A., Katsanos, D., Tymvios, F., and Michaelides, S.: Validation of the
First Years of GPM Operation over Cyprus, Remote Sens., 2018, 1520,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101520, 2018.
Romera, R., Gaertner, M.A., Sánchez, E., Domínguez, M.,
González-Alemán, J. J., and Miglietta, M. M.: Climate change projections
of medicanes with a large multi-model ensemble of regional climate models,
Global Planet. Change, 151, 134–143,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.10.008, 2017.
Rinat, Y., Marra, F., Armon, M., Metzger, A., Levi, Y., Khain, P., Vadislavsky, E., Rosensaft, M., and Morin, E.: Hydrometeorological analysis and forecasting of a 3 d flash-flood-triggering desert rainstorm, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 917–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-917-2021, 2021.
Raveh-Rubin, S. and Wernli, H.: Large-scale wind and precipitation extremes
in the Mediterranean: a climatological analysis for 1979–2012, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2404–2417, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2531, 2015.
Roushdi, M., Mostafa, H., and Kheireldin, K.: Present and future climate extreme
indices over Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, World academy of science, engineering
and technology, Int. J. Geol. Environ. Eng., 10, 85–90, 2016.
Saaroni, H., Ziv, B., Bitan, A., and Alpert, P.: Easterly wind storms over
Israel, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 59, 61–77,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s007040050013, 1998.
Saaroni, H. and Ziv, B.: Summer rain episodes in a Mediterranean climate, the
case of Israel: climatological-dynamical analysis, Int. J. Climatol., 20,
191–209, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(200002)20:2<
191::AID-JOC464>3.0.CO;2-E, 2000.
Saaroni, H., Halfon, N., Ziv, B., Alpert, P., and Kutiel, H.: Links between the
rainfall regime in Israel and location and intensity of Cyprus lows, Int. J.
Climatol., 30, 1014–1025, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1912, 2010.
Samuels, R., Rimmer, A., and Alpert, P.: Effect of extreme rainfall events on
the water resources of the Jordan River, J. Hydrol., 375, 513–523,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.001, 2009.
Schulzweida, U.: CDO User Guide (V.1.9.9), Zenodo,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4246983, 2020.
Shohami, D., Dayan, U., an Morin, E.: Warming and drying of the eastern
Mediterranean: Additional evidence from trend analysis, J.
Geophys. Res-Atmos., 116, D22101,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016004, 2011.
Spyrou, C., Varlas, G., Pappa, A., Mentzafou, A., Katsafados, P.,
Papadopoulos, A., Anagnostou, M. N., and Kalogiros, J.: Implementation of a
Nowcasting Hydrometeorological System for Studying Flash Flood Events: The
Case of Mandra, Greece, Remote Sens., 12, 2784,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172784, 2020.
Tolika, K., Maheras, P., and Flocas, H. A.: Arseni-Papadimitriou, A.: An
evaluation of a general circulation model (GCM) and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis
data for winter precipitation in Greece, Int. J. Climatol., 26, 935–955,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1290, 2006.
Toreti, A., Giannakaki, P., and Martius, O.: Precipitation extremes in the
Mediterranean region and associated upper-level synopticscale flow
structures, Clim. Dynam., 47, 1925–1941,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2942-1, 2016.
Tsvieli, Y. and Zangvil, A.: Synoptic climatological analysis of wet and
dry Red Sea toughs over Israel, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 1997–2015,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1232, 2005.
Trenberth, K. E., Jones, P. D., Ambenje, P., Bojariu, R., Easterling, D., Klein, T. A.,
Parker, D., Rahimzadeh, F., Renwick, J. A., Rusticucci, M., Soden, B., and Zhai, P.:
Observations: surface and atmospheric climate change, in: Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller,
H. L., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York, NY, 235–336,
2007.
Tarolli, P., Borga, M., Morin, E., and Delrieu, G.: Analysis of flash flood regimes in the North-Western and South-Eastern Mediterranean regions, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1255–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1255-2012, 2012.
Trigo, I. F., Davies, T. D., and Bigg, G. R.: Objective climatology of cyclones in
the Mediterranean region, J. Climate, 12, 1685–1696,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012< 1685:OCOCIT>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Trigo, I., Bigg, G. R., and Davies, T. D.: Climatology of Cyclogenesis Mechanisms
in the Mediterranean, Month. Weather Rev., 130, 549–569,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130< 0549:COCMIT>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Trigo, R. M., Trigo, I. F., and DaCamara, C. C.: Climate impact of the European
winter blocking episodes from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalyses, Clim. Dynam.,
23, 17–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0410-4, 2004.
Trigo, I. F.: Climatology and interannual variability of storm tracks in the
Euro-Atlantic sector: a comparison between ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses,
Clim. Dynam., 26, 127–143, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0065-9, 2006.
Tous, M., Zappa, G., Romero, R., Shaffrey, L., and Vidale, P. L.: Projected
changes in medicanes in the HadGEM3 N512 high-resolution global climate
model, Clim. Dynam., 47, 1913–1924, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2941-2,
2016.
Toros, H., Kahraman, A., Tilev-Tanriover, S., Geertsema, G., and Cats, G.:
Simulating Heavy Precipitation with HARMONIE, HIRLAM, and WRF-ARW: A Flash
Flood Case Study in Istanbul, Turkey, Europ. J. Sci. Technol., 13, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.417535, 2018.
Toreti, A., Xoplaki, E., Maraun, D., Kuglitsch, F. G., Wanner, H., and Luterbacher, J.: Characterisation of extreme winter precipitation in Mediterranean coastal sites and associated anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1037–1050, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1037-2010, 2010.
Ulbrich, U., Lionello, P., Belušic, D., Jacobeit, J., Knippertz, P.,
Kuglitsch, F. G., et al.: Climate of the Mediterranean: Synoptic Patterns,
Temperature, Precipitation, Winds, and Their Extremes, in book: The Climate
of the Mediterranean Region, Elsevier, 301–346,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416042-2.00005-7, 2012.
Varlas, G., Anagnostou, M., Spyrou, C., Papadopoulos, A., Kalogiros, J.,
Mentzafou, A., Michaelides, S., Baltas, E., Karymbalis, E., and Katsafados, P.:
A Multi-Platform Hydrometeorological Analysis of the Flash Flood Event of 15
November 2017 in Attica, Greece, Remote Sens., 11, 45,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010045, 2018.
Wannous, C. and Velasquez, G.: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction (UNISDR)-UNISDR's Contribution to Science and Technology for
Disaster Risk Reduction and the Role of the International Consortium on
Landslides (ICL) Open image in new window, edited by: Sassa, K., Mikoš, M., and Yin, Y.: Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, WLF 2017, Springer,
Cham., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59469-9_6, 2017.
Yucel, I. and Onen, A.: Evaluating a mesoscale atmosphere model and a satellite-based algorithm in estimating extreme rainfall events in northwestern Turkey, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 611–624, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-611-2014, 2014.
Yosef, Y., Saaroni, H., and Alpert, P.: Trends in Daily Rainfall Intensity over
Israel 1950/1–2003/4, The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2009, 3,
196–203, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282300903010196, 2009.
Zappa, G., Hawcroft, M. K., Shaffrey, L., Black, E., and Brayshaw, D. J.:
Extratropical cyclones and the projected decline of winter Mediterranean
precipitation in the CMIP5 models, Clim. Dynam., 45, 1727–1738,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2426-8, 2015
Zhang, X., Aguilar, E., Sensoy, S., Melkonyan, H., Tagiyeva, U., Ahmed, N.,
Kutalade, N., Rahimzadeh, F., Taghipour, A,. Hantosh, T. H., Alpert, P.,
Semawi, M., Ali, M. K., Al-Shabibi, M. H. S., Al-Oulan, Z., Zatari, T., Khelet,
I. A. D., Hamoud, S., Sagir, R., Demircan, M., Eken, M., Adiguzel, M.,
Alexander, L., Peterson, T. C., and Wallis, T.: Trends in Middle East climate
indices from 1950 to 2003, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, 110, D22104,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006181, 2005.
Zittis, G., Bruggeman, A., and Camera, C.: 21st Century Projections of Extreme
Precipitation Indicators for Cyprus, Atmosphere, 11, 343,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040343, 2020.
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H., Paramount, R., Harpaz, T., and Alpert, P.: Trends in
rainfall regime over Israel, 1975–2010, and their relationship to
large-scale variability, Reg. Environ. Change, 14, 1751–1764,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0414-x, 2013.
Ziv, B., Harpaz, T., Saaroni, H., and Blender, R.: A new methodology for
identifying daughter cyclogenesis: application for the Mediterranean Basin,
Int. J. Climatol., 35, 3847–3861, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4250,
2015.
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H., Etkin, A., Harpaz, T., and Shendrik, L.: Formation of
cyclones over the East Mediterranean within Red-Sea Troughs, Int. J.
Climatol., 42, 577–596, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7261, 2021.
Zoccatelli, D., Marra, F., Armon, M., Rinat, Y., Smith, J. A., and Morin, E.: Contrasting rainfall-runoff characteristics of floods in desert and Mediterranean basins, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2665–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2665-2019, 2019.
Zoccatelli, D., Marra, F., Smith, J., Goodrich, D., Unkrich, C., Rosensaft,
M., and Morin, E.: Hydrological modelling in desert areas of the eastern
Mediterranean, J. Hydrol., 587, 124879,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124879, 2020.
Short summary
The temporal changes and spatial patterns in precipitation events do not show a homogeneous tendency across the Sinai Peninsula. Mediterranean cyclones accompanied by the Red Sea and Persian troughs are responsible for the majority of Sinai's extreme rainfall events. Cyclone tracking captures 156 cyclones (rainfall ≥10 mm d-1) either formed within or transferred to the Mediterranean basin precipitating over Sinai.
The temporal changes and spatial patterns in precipitation events do not show a homogeneous...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint