Articles | Volume 14, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-931-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-931-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Sep 2023
Research article |
| 08 Sep 2023
| 08 Sep 2023
A 20-year satellite-reanalysis-based climatology of extreme precipitation characteristics over the Sinai Peninsula
Mohsen Soltani
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Natural Water Production Theme, European Centre of Excellence for
Sustainable Water Technology (Wetsus), Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Bert Hamelers
Natural Water Production Theme, European Centre of Excellence for
Sustainable Water Technology (Wetsus), Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, the Netherlands
Abbas Mofidi
Department of Geography, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad,
Iran
Christopher G. Fletcher
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Arie Staal
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Stefan C. Dekker
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht
University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Patrick Laux
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
Joel Arnault
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Harald Kunstmann
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
Ties van der Hoeven
The Weather Makers B.V., Burgemeester Loeffplein, 'S-Hertogenbosch,
the Netherlands
Maarten Lanters
The Weather Makers B.V., Burgemeester Loeffplein, 'S-Hertogenbosch,
the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Ningpeng Dong, Haoran Hao, Mingxiang Yang, Jianhui Wei, Shiqin Xu, and Harald Kunstmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2023–2042, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2023-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2023-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrometeorological forecasting is crucial for managing water resources and mitigating extreme weather events, yet current long-term forecast products are often embedded with uncertainties. We develop a deep-learning-based modelling framework to improve 30 d rainfall and streamflow forecasts by combining advanced neural networks and physical models. With the flow forecast error reduced by up to 33 %, the framework has the potential to enhance water management and disaster prevention.
Samaneh Sabetghadam, Christopher G. Fletcher, and Andre Erler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 887–902, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-887-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-887-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Snow water equivalent (SWE) is an environmental variable that represents the amount of liquid water if all the snow cover melted. This study evaluates the potential of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to estimate the daily values of SWE over the mountainous South Saskatchewan River Basin in Canada. Results show that high-resolution WRF simulations can provide reliable SWE values as an accurate input for hydrologic modeling over a sparsely monitored mountainous catchment.
Jolanda J. E. Theeuwen, Sarah N. Warnau, Imme B. Benedict, Stefan C. Dekker, Hubertus V. M. Hamelers, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Arie Staal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-289, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-289, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Basin is prone to drying. This study uses a simple model to explore how forests affect the potential for rainfall by analyzing the lowest part of the atmosphere. Results show that forestation amplifies drying in dry areas and boosts rainfall potential in wet regions, where it also promotes cooling. These findings suggest that the impact of forestation varies with soil moisture, and may possibly mitigate or intensify future drying.
Arie Staal, Pim Meijer, Maganizo Kruger Nyasulu, Obbe A. Tuinenburg, and Stefan C. Dekker
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 215–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-215-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-215-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Many areas across the globe rely on upwind land areas for their precipitation supply through terrestrial precipitation recycling. Here we simulate global precipitation recycling in four climate and land-use scenarios until 2100. We find that global terrestrial moisture recycling decreases by 1.5 % with every degree of global warming but with strong regional differences.
Ling Zhang, Lu Li, Zhongshi Zhang, Joël Arnault, Stefan Sobolowski, Anthony Musili Mwanthi, Pratik Kad, Mohammed Abdullahi Hassan, Tanja Portele, and Harald Kunstmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-278, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-278, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
To address challenges related to unreliable hydrological simulations, we present an enhanced hydrological simulation with a refined climate model and a more comprehensive hydrological model. The model with the two parts outperforms that without, especially in migrating bias in peak flow and dry-season flow. Our findings highlight the enhanced hydrological simulation capability with the refined climate and lake module contributing 24 % and 76 % improvement, respectively.
Tyler C. Herrington, Christopher G. Fletcher, and Heather Kropp
The Cryosphere, 18, 1835–1861, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1835-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1835-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here we validate soil temperatures from eight reanalysis products across the pan-Arctic and compare their performance to a newly calculated ensemble mean soil temperature product. We find that most product soil temperatures have a relatively large RMSE of 2–9 K. It is found that the ensemble mean product outperforms individual reanalysis products. Therefore, we recommend the ensemble mean soil temperature product for the validation of climate models and for input to hydrological models.
Maximilian Graf, Andreas Wagner, Julius Polz, Llorenç Lliso, José Alberto Lahuerta, Harald Kunstmann, and Christian Chwala
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2165–2182, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links (CMLs) can be used for rainfall retrieval. The detection of rainy periods in their attenuation time series is a crucial processing step. We investigate the usage of rainfall data from MSG SEVIRI for this task, compare this approach with existing methods, and introduce a novel combined approach. The results show certain advantages for SEVIRI-based methods, particularly for CMLs where existing methods perform poorly. Our novel combination yields the best performance.
Patrick Olschewski, Qi Sun, Jianhui Wei, Yu Li, Zhan Tian, Laixiang Sun, Joël Arnault, Tanja C. Schober, Brian Böker, Harald Kunstmann, and Patrick Laux
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-95, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-95, 2024
Preprint under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
There are indications that typhoon intensities may increase under global warming. However, further research on these projections and their uncertainties is necessary. We study changes in typhoon intensity under SSP5-8.5 for seven events affecting the Pearl River Delta using Pseudo-Global Warming and a storyline approach based on 16 CMIP6 models. Results show intensified wind speed, sea level pressure drop and precipitation levels for six events with amplified increases for individual storylines.
Patrick Olschewski, Mame Diarra Bousso Dieng, Hassane Moutahir, Brian Böker, Edwin Haas, Harald Kunstmann, and Patrick Laux
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1099–1134, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We applied a multivariate and dependency-preserving bias correction method to climate model output for the Greater Mediterranean Region and investigated potential changes in false-spring events (FSEs) and heat–drought compound events (HDCEs). Results project an increase in the frequency of FSEs in middle and late spring as well as increases in frequency, intensity, and duration for HDCEs. This will potentially aggravate the risk of crop loss and failure and negatively impact food security.
Neha Kanda and Christopher G. Fletcher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-639, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-639, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
For improved water management in snow-dominated regions like Northern Canada, accurate estimates of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), a metric that quantifies the water in a snowpack are crucial. Our study aims to improve the SWE estimates which were found to be underestimated, particularly in the mountains. We tested four correction techniques and found Random Forest (RF) to be the most effective technique that significantly reduced the errors.
Qi Sun, Patrick Olschewski, Jianhui Wei, Zhan Tian, Laixiang Sun, Harald Kunstmann, and Patrick Laux
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 761–780, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-761-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-761-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones (TCs) often cause high economic loss due to heavy winds and rainfall, particularly in densely populated regions such as the Pearl River Delta (China). This study provides a reference to set up regional climate models for TC simulations. They contribute to a better TC process understanding and assess the potential changes and risks of TCs in the future. This lays the foundation for hydrodynamical modelling, from which the cities' disaster management and defence could benefit.
Dragan Petrovic, Benjamin Fersch, and Harald Kunstmann
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 265–289, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of model resolution and settings on the reproduction of heat waves in Germany between 1980–2009 is analyzed. Outputs from a high-resolution model with settings tailored to the target region are compared to those from coarser-resolution models with more general settings. Neither the increased resolution nor the tailored model settings are found to add significant value to the heat wave simulation. The models exhibit a large spread, indicating that the choice of model can be crucial.
Efi Rousi, Andreas H. Fink, Lauren S. Andersen, Florian N. Becker, Goratz Beobide-Arsuaga, Marcus Breil, Giacomo Cozzi, Jens Heinke, Lisa Jach, Deborah Niermann, Dragan Petrovic, Andy Richling, Johannes Riebold, Stella Steidl, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Dim Coumou, André Düsterhus, Florian Ellsäßer, Georgios Fragkoulidis, Daniel Gliksman, Dörthe Handorf, Karsten Haustein, Kai Kornhuber, Harald Kunstmann, Joaquim G. Pinto, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Elena Xoplaki
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1699–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive, multi-faceted analysis of the 2018 extreme summer in terms of heat and drought in central and northern Europe, with a particular focus on Germany. A combination of favorable large-scale conditions and locally dry soils were related with the intensity and persistence of the events. We also showed that such extremes have become more likely due to anthropogenic climate change and might occur almost every year under +2 °C of global warming.
Jolanda J. E. Theeuwen, Arie Staal, Obbe A. Tuinenburg, Bert V. M. Hamelers, and Stefan C. Dekker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1457–1476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1457-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1457-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Evaporation changes over land affect rainfall over land via moisture recycling. We calculated the local moisture recycling ratio globally, which describes the fraction of evaporated moisture that rains out within approx. 50 km of its source location. This recycling peaks in summer as well as over wet and elevated regions. Local moisture recycling provides insight into the local impacts of evaporation changes and can be used to study the influence of regreening on local rainfall.
Dragan Petrovic, Benjamin Fersch, and Harald Kunstmann
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3875–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of model resolution and settings on drought reproduction in Germany between 1980–2009 is investigated here. Outputs from a high-resolution model with settings tailored to the target region are compared to those from coarser-resolution models with more general settings. Gridded observational data sets serve as reference. Regarding the reproduction of drought characteristics, all models perform on a similar level, while for trends, only the modified model produces reliable outputs.
Benjamin Fersch, Andreas Wagner, Bettina Kamm, Endrit Shehaj, Andreas Schenk, Peng Yuan, Alain Geiger, Gregor Moeller, Bernhard Heck, Stefan Hinz, Hansjörg Kutterer, and Harald Kunstmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5287–5307, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a comprehensive multi-disciplinary dataset for tropospheric water vapor was developed. Geodetic, photogrammetric, and atmospheric modeling and data fusion techniques were used to obtain maps of water vapor in a high spatial and temporal resolution. It could be shown that regional weather simulations for different seasons benefit from assimilating these maps and that the combination of the different observation techniques led to positive synergies.
Chih-Chun Chou, Paul J. Kushner, Stéphane Laroche, Zen Mariani, Peter Rodriguez, Stella Melo, and Christopher G. Fletcher
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4443–4461, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4443-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4443-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aeolus is the first satellite that provides global wind profile measurements. The mission aims to improve the weather forecasts in the tropics, but also, potentially, in the polar regions. We evaluate the performance of the instrument over the Canadian North and the Arctic by comparing its measured winds in both cloudy and non-cloudy layers to wind data from forecasts, reanalysis, and ground-based instruments. Overall, good agreement was seen, but Aeolus winds have greater dispersion.
Heye Reemt Bogena, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Vassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova, John G. Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H. Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of increasingly frequent droughts is a prerequisite for climate adaptation strategies. This data paper presents long-term soil moisture measurements recorded by 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) operated by 24 institutions and distributed across major climate zones in Europe. Data processing followed harmonized protocols and state-of-the-art methods to generate consistent and comparable soil moisture products and to facilitate continental-scale analysis of hydrological extremes.
Md Feroz Islam, Paul P. Schot, Stefan C. Dekker, Jasper Griffioen, and Hans Middelkoop
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 903–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The potential of sedimentation in the lowest parts of polders (beels) through controlled flooding with dike breach (tidal river management – TRM) to counterbalance relative sea level rise (RSLR) in 234 beels of SW Bangladesh is determined in this study, using 2D models and multiple regression. Lower beels located closer to the sea have the highest potential. Operating TRM only during the monsoon season is sufficient to raise the land surface of most beels by more than 3 times the yearly RSLR.
Bernd Schalge, Gabriele Baroni, Barbara Haese, Daniel Erdal, Gernot Geppert, Pablo Saavedra, Vincent Haefliger, Harry Vereecken, Sabine Attinger, Harald Kunstmann, Olaf A. Cirpka, Felix Ament, Stefan Kollet, Insa Neuweiler, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Clemens Simmer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4437–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a 9-year simulation of complete model output of a coupled atmosphere–land-surface–subsurface model on the catchment scale is discussed. We used the Neckar catchment in SW Germany as the basis of this simulation. Since the dataset includes the full model output, it is not only possible to investigate model behavior and interactions between the component models but also use it as a virtual truth for comparison of, for example, data assimilation experiments.
John G. Virgin, Christopher G. Fletcher, Jason N. S. Cole, Knut von Salzen, and Toni Mitovski
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5355–5372, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5355-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5355-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Equilibrium climate sensitivity, or the amount of warming the Earth would exhibit a result of a doubling of atmospheric CO2, is a common metric used in assessments of climate models. Here, we compare climate sensitivity between two versions of the Canadian Earth System Model. We find the newest iteration of the model (version 5) to have higher climate sensitivity due to reductions in low-level clouds, which reflect radiation and cool the planet, as the surface warms.
Christof Lorenz, Tanja C. Portele, Patrick Laux, and Harald Kunstmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2701–2722, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2701-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2701-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Semi-arid regions depend on the freshwater resources from the rainy seasons as they are crucial for ensuring security for drinking water, food and electricity. Thus, forecasting the conditions for the next season is crucial for proactive water management. We hence present a seasonal forecast product for four semi-arid domains in Iran, Brazil, Sudan/Ethiopia and Ecuador/Peru. It provides a benchmark for seasonal forecasts and, finally, a crucial contribution for improved disaster preparedness.
Obbe A. Tuinenburg, Jolanda J. E. Theeuwen, and Arie Staal
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3177–3188, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3177-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3177-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a global database of moisture flows through the atmosphere using the most recent ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis. Using this database, it is possible to determine where evaporation will rain out again. However, the reverse is also possible, to determine where precipitation originated from as evaporation. This dataset can be used to determine atmospheric moisture recycling rates and therefore how much water is lost for a catchment through the atmosphere.
Corrado Camera, Adriana Bruggeman, George Zittis, Ioannis Sofokleous, and Joël Arnault
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2791–2810, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2791-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2791-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Can numerical models simulate intense rainfall events and consequent streamflow in a mountainous area with small watersheds well? We applied state-of-the-art one-way-coupled atmospheric–hydrologic models and we found that, despite rainfall events simulated with low errors, large discrepancies between the observed and simulated streamflow were observed. Shifts in time and space of the modelled rainfall peak are the main reason. Still, the models can be applied for climate change impact studies.
Fraser King, Andre R. Erler, Steven K. Frey, and Christopher G. Fletcher
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4887–4902, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4887-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4887-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Snow is a critical contributor to our water and energy budget, with impacts on flooding and water resource management. Measuring the amount of snow on the ground each year is an expensive and time-consuming task. Snow models and gridded products help to fill these gaps, yet there exist considerable uncertainties associated with their estimates. We demonstrate that machine learning techniques are able to reduce biases in these products to provide more realistic snow estimates across Ontario.
Benjamin Fersch, Till Francke, Maik Heistermann, Martin Schrön, Veronika Döpper, Jannis Jakobi, Gabriele Baroni, Theresa Blume, Heye Bogena, Christian Budach, Tobias Gränzig, Michael Förster, Andreas Güntner, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Mandy Kasner, Markus Köhli, Birgit Kleinschmit, Harald Kunstmann, Amol Patil, Daniel Rasche, Lena Scheiffele, Ulrich Schmidt, Sandra Szulc-Seyfried, Jannis Weimar, Steffen Zacharias, Marek Zreda, Bernd Heber, Ralf Kiese, Vladimir Mares, Hannes Mollenhauer, Ingo Völksch, and Sascha Oswald
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2289–2309, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2289-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2289-2020, 2020
Julius Polz, Christian Chwala, Maximilian Graf, and Harald Kunstmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3835–3853, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3835-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3835-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave link (CML) networks can be used to estimate path-averaged rain rates. This study evaluates the ability of convolutional neural networks to distinguish between wet and dry periods in CML time series data and the ability to transfer this detection skill to sensors not used for training. Our data set consists of several months of data from 3904 CMLs covering all of Germany. Compared to a previously used detection method, we could show a significant increase in performance.
Maximilian Graf, Christian Chwala, Julius Polz, and Harald Kunstmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2931–2950, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2931-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2931-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links (CMLs), which form large parts of the backhaul from the ubiquitous cellular communication networks, can be used to estimate path-integrated rainfall rates. This study presents the processing and evaluation of the largest CML data set to date, covering the whole of Germany with almost 4000 CMLs. The CML-derived rainfall information compares well to a standard precipitation data set from the German Meteorological Service, which combines radar and rain gauge data.
Benjamin Fersch, Alfonso Senatore, Bianca Adler, Joël Arnault, Matthias Mauder, Katrin Schneider, Ingo Völksch, and Harald Kunstmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2457–2481, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2457-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2457-2020, 2020
Obbe A. Tuinenburg and Arie Staal
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2419–2435, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2419-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2419-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Several models exist to track water through the atmosphere from its evaporation location to the next rain location. These models are typically driven by atmospheric wind and humidity data. Recently, a new version of these driving data sets has become available, with a higher spatial resolution of about 25 km. Here, we test the assumptions of these atmospheric moisture tracking models, given the high-resolution forcing data and find that the vertical mixing assumptions are the most important.
Markus Todt, Nick Rutter, Christopher G. Fletcher, and Leanne M. Wake
The Cryosphere, 13, 3077–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3077-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3077-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation is often represented by a single layer in global land models. Studies have found deficient simulation of thermal radiation beneath forest canopies when represented by single-layer vegetation. This study corrects thermal radiation in forests for a global land model using single-layer vegetation in order to assess the effect of deficient thermal radiation on snow cover and snowmelt. Results indicate that single-layer vegetation causes snow in forests to be too cold and melt too late.
John O'Connor, Maria J. Santos, Karin T. Rebel, and Stefan C. Dekker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3917–3931, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3917-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3917-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon rainforest has undergone extensive land use change, which greatly reduces the rate of evapotranspiration. Forest with deep roots is replaced by agriculture with shallow roots. The difference in rooting depth can greatly reduce access to water, especially during the dry season. However, large areas of the Amazon have a sufficiently shallow water table that may provide access for agriculture. We used remote sensing observations to compare the impact of deep and shallow water tables.
Rémon M. Saaltink, Maria Barciela-Rial, Thijs van Kessel, Stefan C. Dekker, Hugo J. de Boer, Claire Chassange, Jasper Griffioen, Martin J. Wassen, and Johan C. Winterwerp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-194, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-194, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focusses on exploring an alternative approach that uses natural processes, rather than a technological solution, to speed up drainage of soft sediment. In a controlled column experiment, we studied how Phragmites australis can act as an ecological engineer that enhances drainage. The presented results provide information needed for predictive modelling of plants as ecological engineers to speed up soil forming processes in the construction of wetlands with soft cohesive sediment.
Rebecca Mott, Andreas Wolf, Maximilian Kehl, Harald Kunstmann, Michael Warscher, and Thomas Grünewald
The Cryosphere, 13, 1247–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1247-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1247-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The mass balance of very small glaciers is often governed by anomalous snow accumulation, winter precipitation being multiplied by snow redistribution processes, or by suppressed snow ablation driven by micrometeorological effects lowering net radiation and turbulent heat exchange. In this study we discuss the relative contribution of snow accumulation (avalanches) versus micrometeorology (katabatic flow) on the mass balance of the lowest perennial ice field of the Alps, the Ice Chapel.
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, W. Richard Leaitch, Amir A. Aliabadi, Allan K. Bertram, Jean-Pierre Blanchet, Aude Boivin-Rioux, Heiko Bozem, Julia Burkart, Rachel Y. W. Chang, Joannie Charette, Jai P. Chaubey, Robert J. Christensen, Ana Cirisan, Douglas B. Collins, Betty Croft, Joelle Dionne, Greg J. Evans, Christopher G. Fletcher, Martí Galí, Roya Ghahreman, Eric Girard, Wanmin Gong, Michel Gosselin, Margaux Gourdal, Sarah J. Hanna, Hakase Hayashida, Andreas B. Herber, Sareh Hesaraki, Peter Hoor, Lin Huang, Rachel Hussherr, Victoria E. Irish, Setigui A. Keita, John K. Kodros, Franziska Köllner, Felicia Kolonjari, Daniel Kunkel, Luis A. Ladino, Kathy Law, Maurice Levasseur, Quentin Libois, John Liggio, Martine Lizotte, Katrina M. Macdonald, Rashed Mahmood, Randall V. Martin, Ryan H. Mason, Lisa A. Miller, Alexander Moravek, Eric Mortenson, Emma L. Mungall, Jennifer G. Murphy, Maryam Namazi, Ann-Lise Norman, Norman T. O'Neill, Jeffrey R. Pierce, Lynn M. Russell, Johannes Schneider, Hannes Schulz, Sangeeta Sharma, Meng Si, Ralf M. Staebler, Nadja S. Steiner, Jennie L. Thomas, Knut von Salzen, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, Megan D. Willis, Gregory R. Wentworth, Jun-Wei Xu, and Jacqueline D. Yakobi-Hancock
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2527–2560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is experiencing considerable environmental change with climate warming, illustrated by the dramatic decrease in sea-ice extent. It is important to understand both the natural and perturbed Arctic systems to gain a better understanding of how they will change in the future. This paper summarizes new insights into the relationships between Arctic aerosol particles and climate, as learned over the past five or so years by a large Canadian research consortium, NETCARE.
Christopher G. Fletcher, Ben Kravitz, and Bakr Badawy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17529–17543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17529-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17529-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The most important number for future climate projections is Earth's climate sensitivity (CS), or how much warming will result from increased carbon dioxide. We cannot know the true CS, and estimates of CS from climate models have a wide range. This study identifies the major factors that control this range, and we show that the choice of methods used in creating a climate model are three times more important than fine-tuning the details of the model after it is created.
Dominikus Heinzeller, Diarra Dieng, Gerhard Smiatek, Christiana Olusegun, Cornelia Klein, Ilse Hamann, Seyni Salack, Jan Bliefernicht, and Harald Kunstmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 815–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-815-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-815-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change and population growth pose severe challenges to 21st century rural Africa. Within the framework of the West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate change simulations is provided to support adaptation and mitigation measures. This contribution presents the concept and design of the simulations and provides information on the format and dissemination of the available data.
Paul J. Kushner, Lawrence R. Mudryk, William Merryfield, Jaison T. Ambadan, Aaron Berg, Adéline Bichet, Ross Brown, Chris Derksen, Stephen J. Déry, Arlan Dirkson, Greg Flato, Christopher G. Fletcher, John C. Fyfe, Nathan Gillett, Christian Haas, Stephen Howell, Frédéric Laliberté, Kelly McCusker, Michael Sigmond, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Neil F. Tandon, Chad Thackeray, Bruno Tremblay, and Francis W. Zwiers
The Cryosphere, 12, 1137–1156, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1137-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1137-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here, the Canadian research network CanSISE uses state-of-the-art observations of snow and sea ice to assess how Canada's climate model and climate prediction systems capture variability in snow, sea ice, and related climate parameters. We find that the system performs well, accounting for observational uncertainty (especially for snow), model uncertainty, and chaotic climate variability. Even for variables like sea ice, where improvement is needed, useful prediction tools can be developed.
Brian J. Dermody, Murugesu Sivapalan, Elke Stehfest, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Martin J. Wassen, Marc F. P. Bierkens, and Stefan C. Dekker
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 103–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-103-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-103-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Ensuring sustainable food and water security is an urgent and complex challenge. As the world becomes increasingly globalised and interdependent, food and water management policies may have unintended consequences across regions, sectors and scales. Current decision-making tools do not capture these complexities and thus miss important dynamics. We present a modelling framework to capture regional and sectoral interdependence and cross-scale feedbacks within the global food system.
Maarten C. Braakhekke, Karin T. Rebel, Stefan C. Dekker, Benjamin Smith, Arthur H. W. Beusen, and Martin J. Wassen
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 1121–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1121-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1121-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen input in natural ecosystems usually has a positive effect on plant growth. However, too much N causes N leaching, which contributes to water pollution. Using a global model we estimated that N leaching from natural lands has increased by 73 % during the 20th century, mainly due to rising N deposition from the atmosphere caused by emissions from fossil fuels and agriculture. Climate change and increasing CO2 concentration had positive and negative effects (respectively) on N leaching.
Caroline Brosy, Karina Krampf, Matthias Zeeman, Benjamin Wolf, Wolfgang Junkermann, Klaus Schäfer, Stefan Emeis, and Harald Kunstmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2773–2784, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2773-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2773-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical and horizontal sounding of the planetary boundary layer can be complemented by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Utilizing a multicopter-type UAV spatial sampling of air and simultaneously sensing of meteorological variables is possible for the study of surface exchange processes. During stable atmospheric conditions, vertical methane gradients of about 300 ppb were found. This approach extended the vertical profile height of existing tower-based infrastructure by a factor of five.
Shawn Corvec and Christopher G. Fletcher
Clim. Past, 13, 135–147, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-135-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-135-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-Pliocene warm period is sometimes thought of as being a climate that could closely resemble the climate in the near-term due to anthropogenic climate change. Here we examine the tropical atmospheric circulation as modeled by PlioMIP (the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project). We find that there are many similarities and some important differences to projections of future climate, with the pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) warming being a key factor in explaining the differences.
Jan Schmieder, Florian Hanzer, Thomas Marke, Jakob Garvelmann, Michael Warscher, Harald Kunstmann, and Ulrich Strasser
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 5015–5033, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-5015-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-5015-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present novel research on the spatiotemporal variability of snowmelt isotopic content in a high-elevation catchment with complex terrain
to improve the isotope-based hydrograph separation method. A modelling approach was used to weight the plot-scale snowmelt isotopic content
with melt rates for the north- and south-facing slope. The investigations showed that it is important to sample at least north- and south-facing slopes,
because of distinct isotopic differences between both slopes.
Bernd Schalge, Jehan Rihani, Gabriele Baroni, Daniel Erdal, Gernot Geppert, Vincent Haefliger, Barbara Haese, Pablo Saavedra, Insa Neuweiler, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Felix Ament, Sabine Attinger, Olaf A. Cirpka, Stefan Kollet, Harald Kunstmann, Harry Vereecken, and Clemens Simmer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-557, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-557, 2016
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we show how we used a coupled atmosphere-land surface-subsurface model at highest possible resolution to create a testbed for data assimilation. The model was able to capture all important processes and interactions between the compartments as well as showing realistic statistical behavior. This proves that using a model as a virtual truth is possible and it will enable us to develop data assimilation methods where states and parameters are updated across compartment.
Rémon Saaltink, Stefan C. Dekker, Jasper Griffioen, and Martin J. Wassen
Biogeosciences, 13, 4945–4957, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4945-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4945-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We identified biogeochemical plant–soil feedback processes that occur when oxidation, drying and modification by plants alter sediment conditions. Wetland construction in Markermeer (a lake in the Netherlands) is used as a case study. Natural processes will be utilized during and after construction to accelerate ecosystem development. We conducted a 6-month greenhouse experiment to identify the key biogeochemical processes in the mud when Phragmites australis is used as an eco-engineer.
Stefan C. Dekker, Margriet Groenendijk, Ben B. B. Booth, Chris Huntingford, and Peter M. Cox
Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 525–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-525-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-525-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis allows us to infer maps of changing plant water-use efficiency (WUE) for 1901–2010, using atmospheric observations of temperature, humidity and CO2. Our estimated increase in global WUE is consistent with the tree-ring and eddy covariance data, but much larger than the historical WUE increases simulated by Earth System Models (ESMs). We therefore conclude that the effects of increasing CO2 on plant WUE are significantly underestimated in the latest climate projections.
Zun Yin, Stefan C. Dekker, Bart J. J. M. van den Hurk, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Biogeosciences, 13, 3343–3357, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3343-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3343-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Bimodality is found in aboveground biomass and mean annual shortwave radiation in West Africa, which is a strong evidence of alternative stable states. The condition with low biomass and low radiation is demonstrated under which ecosystem state can shift between savanna and forest states. Moreover, climatic indicators have different prediction confidences to different land cover types. A new method is proposed to predict potential land cover change with a combination of climatic indicators.
Patrick W. Bogaart, Ype van der Velde, Steve W. Lyon, and Stefan C. Dekker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1413–1432, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1413-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1413-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse how stream discharge declines after rain storms. This "recession" behaviour contains information about the capacity of the catchment to hold or release water. Looking at many rivers in Sweden, we were able to link distinct recession regimes to land use and catchment characteristics. Trends in recession behaviour are found to correspond to intensifying agriculture and extensive reforestation. We conclude that both humans and nature reorganizes the soil in order to enhance efficiency.
Christian Chwala, Felix Keis, and Harald Kunstmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 991–999, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-991-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-991-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave link (CML) networks, like they are used as backbone for the cell phone network, can be used to derive rainfall information. However, data availability is limited due to the lack of suitable data acquisition systems. We have developed and currently operate a custom data acquisition system for CML networks that is able to acquire the required data for a large number of CMLs in real time. This system is the basis for a future countrywide rainfall product derived from CML data.
D. Heinzeller, M. G. Duda, and H. Kunstmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 77–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-77-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-77-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present an in-depth evaluation of the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) with regards to technical aspects of performing model runs and scalability for medium-size meshes on several HPCs. We also demonstrate the model performance in terms of its capability to reproduce the dynamics of the West African monsoon and its associated precipitation in a pilot study. Finally, we conduct extreme scaling tests on a global 3km mesh with 65,536,002 horizontal grid cells on up to 458,752 cores.
F. Alshawaf, B. Fersch, S. Hinz, H. Kunstmann, M. Mayer, and F. J. Meyer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4747–4764, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4747-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4747-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This work aims at deriving high spatially resolved maps of atmospheric water vapor by the fusion data from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The data fusion approach exploits the redundant and complementary spatial properties of all data sets to provide more accurate and high-resolution maps of water vapor. The comparison with maps from MERIS shows rms values of less than 1 mm.
A. Staal and B. M. Flores
Biogeosciences, 12, 5563–5566, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5563-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5563-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing studies indicate that tropical forest and savanna can be alternative stable states maintained by a feedback between tree cover and fire. Veenendaal et al. (2015) attempted to refute this hypothesis with an extensive field study of the vegetation structure and soil conditions at forest–savanna transition zones. With a re-analysis of their data and a conceptual model, we show that in fact the results agree with the idea of forest–savanna bistability.
J. Mao, K. G. J. Nierop, M. Rietkerk, and S. C. Dekker
SOIL, 1, 411–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-411-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-411-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we show how soil water repellency (SWR) is linked to the quantity and quality of SWR markers in soils mainly derived from vegetation. To predict the SWR of topsoils, we find the strongest relationship with ester-bound alcohols, and for subsoils with root-derived ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids. From this we conclude that, overall, roots influence SWR more strongly than leaves and subsequently SWR markers derived from roots predict SWR better.
G. Mao, S. Vogl, P. Laux, S. Wagner, and H. Kunstmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1787–1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1787-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1787-2015, 2015
M. Baudena, S. C. Dekker, P. M. van Bodegom, B. Cuesta, S. I. Higgins, V. Lehsten, C. H. Reick, M. Rietkerk, S. Scheiter, Z. Yin, M. A. Zavala, and V. Brovkin
Biogeosciences, 12, 1833–1848, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1833-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1833-2015, 2015
A. Wagner, J. Seltmann, and H. Kunstmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-1765-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-1765-2015, 2015
Manuscript not accepted for further review
B. J. Dermody, R. P. H. van Beek, E. Meeks, K. Klein Goldewijk, W. Scheidel, Y. van der Velde, M. F. P. Bierkens, M. J. Wassen, and S. C. Dekker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5025–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5025-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5025-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Our virtual water network of the Roman World shows that virtual water trade and irrigation provided the Romans with resilience to interannual climate variability. Virtual water trade enabled the Romans to meet food demands from regions with a surplus. Irrigation provided stable water supplies for agriculture, particularly in large river catchments. However, virtual water trade also stimulated urbanization and population growth, which eroded Roman resilience to climate variability over time.
Z. Yin, S. C. Dekker, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, and H. A. Dijkstra
Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 257–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-257-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-257-2014, 2014
Z. Yin, S. C. Dekker, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, and H. A. Dijkstra
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 821–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-821-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-821-2014, 2014
R. J. van der Ent, O. A. Tuinenburg, H.-R. Knoche, H. Kunstmann, and H. H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4869–4884, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4869-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4869-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Alpert, P. and Ziv, B.: The Sharav cyclone: Observations and some
theoretical considerations, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18495–18514,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD15p18495, 1989.
Alpert, P. and Shay-El, Y.: The moisture source for the winter cyclones in
the eastern Mediterranean, Israel Meteorological Research Papers (IMRP), 5,
20–27, 1994.
Alpert, P., Abramsky, R., and Neeman, B. U.: The prevailing summer synoptic
system in Israel – Subtropical High, not Persian Trough, Isr. J. Earth Sci.,
39, 93–102. 1990.
Alpert, P., Ben-Gai, T., Baharad, A., Benjamini, Y., Yekutieli, D.,
Colacino, M., Diodato, L. Ramis, C., Homar, V., Romero, R., Michaelides, S.,
Manes, A.: The paradoxical increase of Mediterranean extreme daily rainfall
in spite of decrease in total values, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29,
1536, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013554, 2002.
Alpert, P., Osetinsky, I., Ziv, B., and Shafir, H.: Semi-objective
classification for daily synoptic systems: application to the eastern
Mediterranean climate change, Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1001–1011,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1036, 2004.
Ajjur, S. and Riffi, M.: Analysis of the observed trends in daily extreme
precipitation indices in Gaza Strip during 1974–2016, Int. J. Climatol.,
40, 6189–6200, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6576, 2020.
Almazroui, M. and Awad, A. M.: Synoptic regimes associated with the eastern
Mediterranean wet season cyclone tracks, Atmos. Res., 180, 92–118,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.05.015, 2016.
Almazroui, M., Awad, A. M., Nazrul Islam, M., and Al-Khalaf, A. K.: A
climatological study: wet season cyclone tracks in the East Mediterranean
region, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 120, 351–365,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1178-z, 2014.
Almazroui, M., Awad, A. M., and Nazrul Islam, M.: Characteristics of the internal
and external sources of the Mediterranean synoptic cyclones for the period
1956–2013, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 133, 811–827,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2218-2, 2017.
Arnous, M. O. and Omar, A. E.: Hydrometeorological hazards assessment of some
basins in Southwestern Sinai area, Egypt. J. Coast. Conserv.,
22, 721–743, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-018-0604-2, 2018.
Baldi, M., Amin, D., Al Zayed, I. S., and Dalu, G.: Climatology and Dynamical
Evolution of Extreme Rainfall Events in the Sinai Peninsula-Egypt,
Sustainability, 12, 6186, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156186, 2020.
Badreldin, N. and Goossens, R.: A satellite-based disturbance index
algorithm for monitoring mitigation strategies effects on desertification
change in an arid environment, Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change, 20, 263–276,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9490-y, 2013.
Barkhordarian, A., Von Storch, H., and Bhend, J.: The expectation of future
precipitation change over the Mediterranean region is different from what we
observe, Clim. Dynam, 40, 225–244,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1497-7, 2013.
Ben David-Novak, H., Morin, E., Enzel, Y.: Modern extreme storms and the
rainfall thresholds for initiating debris flows on the hyperarid western
escarpment of the Dead Sea, Israel. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
116, 718–728, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25403.1, 2004.
Ben-Zvi, A.: Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships derived
from large partial duration series, J. Hydrol., 367, 104–114,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.01.007, 2009.
Boucek, R. E., Gaiser, E. E., Liu, H., and Rehage, J. S.: A review of
subtropical community resistance and resilience to extreme cold spells,
Ecosphere, 7, e01455, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1455, 2016.
Buzzi, A., Richard, E., and Romero, R.: Summary Report on MEDEX Studies and
Scientific Results on Mediterranean Cyclones Causing High Impact Weather,
MEDEX Project,http://medex.aemet.uib.es/index.html (last access: 30 October 2021), 2005.
Campins, J., Genoves, A., Jansa, A., Guijarro, J. A., and Ramis, C.: A catalogue
and a classification of surface cyclones for the western Mediterranean, Int.
J. Climatol., 20, 969–984,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(200007)20:9<969::AID-JOC519>3.0.CO;2-4, 2000.
Caracciolo, D., Francipane, A., Viola, F., Valerio Noto, L., and Deidda, R.:
Performances of GPM satellite precipitation over the two major Mediterranean
islands, Atmos. Res., 213, 309–322,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.06.010, 2018.
Charlton-Perez, A. J., Aldridge, R. W., Grams, C. M., and Lee, R.: Winter
pressures on the UK health system dominated by the Greenland blocking
weather regime, Weather Clim. Extr., 25, 100218,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2019.100218, 2019.
Cinzia Marra, A., Federico, S., Montopoli, M., Avolio, E., Baldini, L.,
Casella, D., D'Adderio, L. P., Dietrich, S., Sanò, P., Torcasio, R. C.,
and Panegrossi, G.: The Precipitation Structure of the Mediterranean
Tropical-Like Cyclone Numa: Analysis of GPM Observations and Numerical
Weather Prediction Model Simulations, Remote Sens., 2019, 1690,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141690, 2019.
Cools, J., Vanderkimpen, P., El Afandi, G., Abdelkhalek, A., Fockedey, S., El Sammany, M., Abdallah, G., El Bihery, M., Bauwens, W., and Huygens, M.: An early warning system for flash floods in hyper-arid Egypt, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 443–457, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-443-2012, 2012.
David-Novak, H. B., Morin, E., and Enzel, Y.: Modern extreme storms and the
rainfall thresholds for initiating debris flows on the hyperarid western
escarpment of the Dead Sea Israel, GSA Bull., 116, 718–728,
https://doi.org/10.1130/B25403.1, 2004.
Dayan, U., Ziv, B., Margalit, A., Morin, E., and Sharon, D.: A severe autumn
storm over the middle-east: synoptic and mesoscale convection analysis,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 69, 103–122, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007040170038,
2001.
Dayan, U., Nissen, K., and Ulbrich, U.: Review Article: Atmospheric conditions inducing extreme precipitation over the eastern and western Mediterranean, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2525–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2525-2015, 2015.
Dadamouny, M. A. and Schnittler, M.: Trends of climate with rapid change in
Sinai, Egypt, J. Water Clim. Change, 7, 393–414,
https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.215, 2016.
Dawson, A.: eofs: A Library for EOF Analysis of Meteorological,
Oceanographic, and Climate Data, [code], J. Open Res. Softw., 4, e14,
https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.122, 2016.
de Vries, A. J., Tyrlis, E., Edry, D., Krichak, S. O., Steil, B., Lelieveld,
J.: Extreme precipitation events in the Middle East: Dynamics of the Active
Red Sea Trough, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 7087–7108,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50569, 2013.
El-Magd, A. I., Hermas, E., and El-Bastawesy, M.: GIS modelling of the spatial
variability of flash flood hazard in Abu Dabbab Catchment, Red Sea Region,
Egypt, Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Sp. Sci. 13, 81–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2010.07.010, 2010.
El Afandi, G., Morsy, M., and El Hussieny, F.: Heavy Rainfall Simulation over
Sinai Peninsula Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model,
Int. J. Atmos. Sci., 11, 241050,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/241050, 2013.
ElFakharany, M. A., and Mansour, N. M.: Morphometric analysis and flash
foods hazards assessment for Wadi Al Aawag drainage Basins, southwest Sinai,
Egypt, Environ. Earth Sci., 80, 168
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09457-1, 2021.
El-Sayed, E. A. and Habib, E.: Advanced Technique for Rainfall-Runoff
Simulation in Arid Catchments Sinai, Egypt. The 3rd International Conf. on
Water Resources & Arid Environment (2008) and First Arab Forum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 16–19 November 2008, 2008.
Farahat, M. S., Elmoustafa, A. M., and Hasan, A. A.: Developing flash foods
inundation maps using remote sensing data, a case study: Wadi AL-Arish,
Sinai, Egypt, Am. J. Eng. Res., (AJER) 6, 172–181, 2017.
Flocas, H., Simmonds, L., Kouroutzoglou, J., Keay, K., Hatzaki, M.,
Bricolas, V., and Asimakopoulos, D.: On Cyclonic Tracks over the Eastern
Mediterranean, J. Climate, 23, 5243–5257,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3426.1, 2010.
Flaounas, E., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., and Flaounas, I.: CycloTRACK (v1.0) – tracking winter extratropical cyclones based on relative vorticity: sensitivity to data filtering and other relevant parameters, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1841–1853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1841-2014, 2014.
Flaounas, E., RavehRubin, S., Wernli, H., Drobinski, P., and Bastin, S.: The
dynamical structure of intense Mediterranean cyclones, Clim. Dynam., 44,
2411–2427, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2330-2, 2015.
Flaounas, E., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Gray, S., Rysman, J. F., and Claud,
C.: Heavy rainfall in Mediterranean cyclones, Part I: Contribution of deep
convection and warm conveyor, Clim. Dynam., 50, 29352949,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820173783x, 2018.
Gado T. A.: Statistical Behavior of Rainfall in Egypt, in: Flash Floods in Egypt, edited by: Negm, A.,
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
(IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development), Springer,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29635-3_2, 2020.
Givati, A., Thirel, G., Rosenfeld, D., and Paz, D.: Climate change impacts on
streamflow at the upper Jordan River based on an ensemble of regional
climate models, J. Hydrol., 21, 92–109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.12.004, 2019.
Gabella, M., Michaelides, S., Constantinides, P., and Perona, G.: Climatological
validation of TRMM precipitation radar monthly rain products over Cyprus
during the first 5 years (December 1997 to November 2002), Meteorol. Z.,
15, 559–564, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0158, 2006.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S. et al.: The ERA5 global
reanalysis, [code], Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146,
1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hochman, A., Rostkier-Edelstein, D., Kunin, P., and Pinto, J. G.: Changes in the
characteristics of “wet” and “dry” Red Sea Trough over the Eastern
Mediterranean in CMIP5 climate projections, Theor. Appl.
Clim., 143, 781–794, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03449-0, 2020.
Homar, V., Jansà, A., Campins, J., Genovés, A., and Ramis, C.: Towards a systematic climatology of sensitivities of Mediterranean high impact weather: a contribution based on intense cyclones, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 445–454, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-445-2007, 2007.
Hourngir, D., Panegrossi, G., Casella, D., Sanò, P., D'Adderio, L. P.,
and Liu, C.: A 4-Year Climatological Analysis Based on GPM Observations of Deep
Convective Events in the Mediterranean Region, Remote Sens., 13, 1685,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091685, 2021.
Huffman, G. J., Bolvin, D. T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., and Xie, P.:
NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellitE
Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), NASA Report, https://gpm.nasa.gov/ [data set], (last access: 25 September 2020) 1–35, 2014.
IPCC Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung,
J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
Kahana, R., Ziv, B., Enzel, Y., and Dayan, U.: Synoptic climatology of major
floods in the Negev desert, Israel, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 867–882,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.766, 2002.
Kalnay, E.,, Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin. L., et al.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, [data set], B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Koutroulis, A. G. and Tsanis, I. K.: A method for estimating flash flood peak
discharge in a poorly gauged basin: Case study for the 13–14 January 1994
flood, Giofiros basin, Crete, Greece, J. Hydrol., 385, 150–164,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.02.012, 2010.
Kostopoulou, E. and Jones, P. D.: Assessment of climate extremes in the
Eastern Mediterranean, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 89, 69–85,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0122-2, 2005.
Kotsias, G., Lolis, C., Hatzianastassiou, N., Lionello, P., and Bartzokas, A.:
An objective definition of seasons for the Mediterranean region, Int. J.
Clim., 41, 1889–1905, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6819, 2020.
Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., and Defer, E.: The Antalya 5 December 2002 Storm:
Observations and Model Analysis, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 45, 576–590, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2347.1, 2006.
Krichak, S. O., Kishcha P., and Alpert, P.: Decadal trends of main Eurasian
oscillations and the Eastern Mediterranean precipitation, Theor. Appl.
Climatol., 72, 209–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007040200021, 2002.
Krichak, S. O., Alpert, P., and Krishnamurti, T. N.: Red Sea Trough/Cyclone
Development- Numerical Investigation, Meteorol, Atmos. Phys., 63, 159–169,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01027382, 1997.
Levy, Y., Burg, A., Yechieli, Y., and Gvirtzman, H.: Displacement of springs and
changes in groundwater flow regime due to the extreme drop in adjacent lake
levels: The Dead Sea rift, J. Hydrol., 587, 124928,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydrol.2020.124928, 2020.
Lionello, P., Trigo, I., Gil, V., Liberato, M. R., et al.: Objective
climatology of cyclones in the Mediterranean region: a consensus view among
methods with different system identification and tracking criteria, Tellus
A, 68, 29391, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v68.29391, 2016.
Lois, C. J.: Winter cloudiness variability in the Mediterranean region and
its connection to atmospheric circulation features, Theor. Appl. Climatol.,
96, 357–373, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-008-0046-0, 2009.
Mathbout, S., Lopez-Bustins, A., Roye, D., Martin-Vide, J., Bech, J.,
and Rodrigo, F. S.: Observed Changes in Daily Precipitation Extremes at Annual
Timescale Over the Eastern Mediterranean During 1961–2012, Pure Appl.
Geophys., 175, 3875–3890, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1695-7, 2018.
Mehta, A. V. and Yang, S.: Precipitation climatology over Mediterranean
Basin from ten years of TRMM measurements, Adv. Geosci., 17, 87–91,
https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-17-87-2008, 2008.
Morsy, M., Sayad, T., and Khamees, A. S.: Towards instability index development
for heavy rainfall events over Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean,
Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 132, 255–272,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-019-00686-5, 2019.
Morin, E., Harats, N., Jacoby, Y., Arbel, S., Getker, M., Arazi, A., Grodek,
T., Ziv, B., and Dayan, U.: Studying the extremes: hydrometeorological
investigation of a flood-causing rainstorm over Israel, Adv. Geosci., 12,
107-114, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-12-107-2007, 2007.
Mohamed, S. A. and El-Raey, M. E.: Vulnerability assessment for flash foods
using GIS spatial modeling and remotely sensed data in ElArish City,
North Sinai, Egypt, Nat. Hazards, 102, 707–728,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03571-x, 2019.
Morad, N. A.: Assessment of the rainfall storm events of January 2010 and
March 2014 for the catchment modelling of Wadi-El-Arish and Wadi-Wardan
basins, Sinai, Egypt, Egypt. J. Desert Res., 66, 137–168,
https://doi.org/10.21608/ejdr.2016.5772, 2016.
Nastos, P. T., Kapsomenakis, J., and Douvis, K. C.: Analysis of precipitation
extremes based on satellite and high-resolution gridded data set over
Mediterranean basin, Atmos. Res., 131, 46–59,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.04.009, 2013.
Neu, U., Akperov, M. G., Bellenbaum, N., Benestad, R., et al.: IMILAST: A
Community Effort to Intercompare Extratropical Cyclone Detection and
Tracking Algorithms, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94,
529–547, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00154.1, 2013.
Nissen, K. M., Leckebusch, G. C., Pinto, J. G., Renggli, D., Ulbrich, S., and Ulbrich, U.: Cyclones causing wind storms in the Mediterranean: characteristics, trends and links to large-scale patterns, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1379–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1379-2010, 2010.
Ocakoglu, F., Gokceoglu, C., and Ercanoglu, M.: Dynamics of a complex mass
movement triggered by heavy rainfall: a case study from NW Turkey,
Geomorphology, 42, 341, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00094-0,
2002.
Omran, E.-S. E.: Egypt's Sinai Desert Cries: Flash Flood Hazard,
Vulnerability, and Mitigation, in: Flash Floods in Egypt, edited by: Negm, A. M., Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Adv. Sci., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29635-3_11,
2020.
Petracca, M., D'Adderio, L. P., Porcu, F., Vulpiani, G., Sebastianelli, S.,
and Puca, S.: Validation of GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) Rainfall
Products over Italy, J. Hydrometeorol., 19, 907–925,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0144.1, 2018.
Prama, M., Omran, A., Schröder, D., and Abouelmagd, A.: Vulnerability
assessment of flash floods in Wadi Dahab Basin, Egypt, Environ. Earth
Sci., 79, 114, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-8860-5, 2020.
Peleg, N. and Morin, E.: Convective rain cells: Radar-derived
spatiotemporal characteristics and synoptic patterns over the eastern
Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D15116,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017353, 2012, 2012.
Peleg, N., Morin, E., Gvirtzman, H., and Enzel, Y.: Rainfall, spring discharge
and past human occupancy in the Eastern Mediterranean, Clim. Change,
112, 769–789, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011- 0232-4, 2012.
Pfahl, S. and Wernli, H.: Quantifying the relevance of atmospheric blocking
for co-located temperature extremes in the Northern Hemisphere on
(sub-)daily time scales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L12807,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052261, 2012.
Prantl, M., Žák, M., and Prantl, D.: CycloneDetector (v1.0) – Algorithm for detecting cyclone and anticyclone centers from mean sea level pressure layer, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-266, 2021.
Raible, C. C., Della-Marta, P. M., Schwierz, C., Wernli, H., and Blender, R.:
Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclones: A Comparison of Detection and
Tracking Methods and Different Reanalyses, Month. Weather Rev., 136,
880–897, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2143.1, 2008.
Retalis, A., Katsanos, D., Tymvios, F., and Michaelides, S.: Validation of the
First Years of GPM Operation over Cyprus, Remote Sens., 2018, 1520,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101520, 2018.
Romera, R., Gaertner, M.A., Sánchez, E., Domínguez, M.,
González-Alemán, J. J., and Miglietta, M. M.: Climate change projections
of medicanes with a large multi-model ensemble of regional climate models,
Global Planet. Change, 151, 134–143,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.10.008, 2017.
Rinat, Y., Marra, F., Armon, M., Metzger, A., Levi, Y., Khain, P., Vadislavsky, E., Rosensaft, M., and Morin, E.: Hydrometeorological analysis and forecasting of a 3 d flash-flood-triggering desert rainstorm, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 917–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-917-2021, 2021.
Raveh-Rubin, S. and Wernli, H.: Large-scale wind and precipitation extremes
in the Mediterranean: a climatological analysis for 1979–2012, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2404–2417, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2531, 2015.
Roushdi, M., Mostafa, H., and Kheireldin, K.: Present and future climate extreme
indices over Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, World academy of science, engineering
and technology, Int. J. Geol. Environ. Eng., 10, 85–90, 2016.
Saaroni, H., Ziv, B., Bitan, A., and Alpert, P.: Easterly wind storms over
Israel, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 59, 61–77,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s007040050013, 1998.
Saaroni, H. and Ziv, B.: Summer rain episodes in a Mediterranean climate, the
case of Israel: climatological-dynamical analysis, Int. J. Climatol., 20,
191–209, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(200002)20:2<
191::AID-JOC464>3.0.CO;2-E, 2000.
Saaroni, H., Halfon, N., Ziv, B., Alpert, P., and Kutiel, H.: Links between the
rainfall regime in Israel and location and intensity of Cyprus lows, Int. J.
Climatol., 30, 1014–1025, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1912, 2010.
Samuels, R., Rimmer, A., and Alpert, P.: Effect of extreme rainfall events on
the water resources of the Jordan River, J. Hydrol., 375, 513–523,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.001, 2009.
Schulzweida, U.: CDO User Guide (V.1.9.9), Zenodo,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4246983, 2020.
Shohami, D., Dayan, U., an Morin, E.: Warming and drying of the eastern
Mediterranean: Additional evidence from trend analysis, J.
Geophys. Res-Atmos., 116, D22101,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016004, 2011.
Spyrou, C., Varlas, G., Pappa, A., Mentzafou, A., Katsafados, P.,
Papadopoulos, A., Anagnostou, M. N., and Kalogiros, J.: Implementation of a
Nowcasting Hydrometeorological System for Studying Flash Flood Events: The
Case of Mandra, Greece, Remote Sens., 12, 2784,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172784, 2020.
Tolika, K., Maheras, P., and Flocas, H. A.: Arseni-Papadimitriou, A.: An
evaluation of a general circulation model (GCM) and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis
data for winter precipitation in Greece, Int. J. Climatol., 26, 935–955,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1290, 2006.
Toreti, A., Giannakaki, P., and Martius, O.: Precipitation extremes in the
Mediterranean region and associated upper-level synopticscale flow
structures, Clim. Dynam., 47, 1925–1941,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2942-1, 2016.
Tsvieli, Y. and Zangvil, A.: Synoptic climatological analysis of wet and
dry Red Sea toughs over Israel, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 1997–2015,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1232, 2005.
Trenberth, K. E., Jones, P. D., Ambenje, P., Bojariu, R., Easterling, D., Klein, T. A.,
Parker, D., Rahimzadeh, F., Renwick, J. A., Rusticucci, M., Soden, B., and Zhai, P.:
Observations: surface and atmospheric climate change, in: Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller,
H. L., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York, NY, 235–336,
2007.
Tarolli, P., Borga, M., Morin, E., and Delrieu, G.: Analysis of flash flood regimes in the North-Western and South-Eastern Mediterranean regions, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1255–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1255-2012, 2012.
Trigo, I. F., Davies, T. D., and Bigg, G. R.: Objective climatology of cyclones in
the Mediterranean region, J. Climate, 12, 1685–1696,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012< 1685:OCOCIT>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Trigo, I., Bigg, G. R., and Davies, T. D.: Climatology of Cyclogenesis Mechanisms
in the Mediterranean, Month. Weather Rev., 130, 549–569,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130< 0549:COCMIT>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Trigo, R. M., Trigo, I. F., and DaCamara, C. C.: Climate impact of the European
winter blocking episodes from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalyses, Clim. Dynam.,
23, 17–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0410-4, 2004.
Trigo, I. F.: Climatology and interannual variability of storm tracks in the
Euro-Atlantic sector: a comparison between ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses,
Clim. Dynam., 26, 127–143, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0065-9, 2006.
Tous, M., Zappa, G., Romero, R., Shaffrey, L., and Vidale, P. L.: Projected
changes in medicanes in the HadGEM3 N512 high-resolution global climate
model, Clim. Dynam., 47, 1913–1924, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2941-2,
2016.
Toros, H., Kahraman, A., Tilev-Tanriover, S., Geertsema, G., and Cats, G.:
Simulating Heavy Precipitation with HARMONIE, HIRLAM, and WRF-ARW: A Flash
Flood Case Study in Istanbul, Turkey, Europ. J. Sci. Technol., 13, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.417535, 2018.
Toreti, A., Xoplaki, E., Maraun, D., Kuglitsch, F. G., Wanner, H., and Luterbacher, J.: Characterisation of extreme winter precipitation in Mediterranean coastal sites and associated anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1037–1050, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1037-2010, 2010.
Ulbrich, U., Lionello, P., Belušic, D., Jacobeit, J., Knippertz, P.,
Kuglitsch, F. G., et al.: Climate of the Mediterranean: Synoptic Patterns,
Temperature, Precipitation, Winds, and Their Extremes, in book: The Climate
of the Mediterranean Region, Elsevier, 301–346,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416042-2.00005-7, 2012.
Varlas, G., Anagnostou, M., Spyrou, C., Papadopoulos, A., Kalogiros, J.,
Mentzafou, A., Michaelides, S., Baltas, E., Karymbalis, E., and Katsafados, P.:
A Multi-Platform Hydrometeorological Analysis of the Flash Flood Event of 15
November 2017 in Attica, Greece, Remote Sens., 11, 45,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010045, 2018.
Wannous, C. and Velasquez, G.: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction (UNISDR)-UNISDR's Contribution to Science and Technology for
Disaster Risk Reduction and the Role of the International Consortium on
Landslides (ICL) Open image in new window, edited by: Sassa, K., Mikoš, M., and Yin, Y.: Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, WLF 2017, Springer,
Cham., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59469-9_6, 2017.
Yucel, I. and Onen, A.: Evaluating a mesoscale atmosphere model and a satellite-based algorithm in estimating extreme rainfall events in northwestern Turkey, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 611–624, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-611-2014, 2014.
Yosef, Y., Saaroni, H., and Alpert, P.: Trends in Daily Rainfall Intensity over
Israel 1950/1–2003/4, The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2009, 3,
196–203, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874282300903010196, 2009.
Zappa, G., Hawcroft, M. K., Shaffrey, L., Black, E., and Brayshaw, D. J.:
Extratropical cyclones and the projected decline of winter Mediterranean
precipitation in the CMIP5 models, Clim. Dynam., 45, 1727–1738,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2426-8, 2015
Zhang, X., Aguilar, E., Sensoy, S., Melkonyan, H., Tagiyeva, U., Ahmed, N.,
Kutalade, N., Rahimzadeh, F., Taghipour, A,. Hantosh, T. H., Alpert, P.,
Semawi, M., Ali, M. K., Al-Shabibi, M. H. S., Al-Oulan, Z., Zatari, T., Khelet,
I. A. D., Hamoud, S., Sagir, R., Demircan, M., Eken, M., Adiguzel, M.,
Alexander, L., Peterson, T. C., and Wallis, T.: Trends in Middle East climate
indices from 1950 to 2003, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, 110, D22104,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006181, 2005.
Zittis, G., Bruggeman, A., and Camera, C.: 21st Century Projections of Extreme
Precipitation Indicators for Cyprus, Atmosphere, 11, 343,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040343, 2020.
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H., Paramount, R., Harpaz, T., and Alpert, P.: Trends in
rainfall regime over Israel, 1975–2010, and their relationship to
large-scale variability, Reg. Environ. Change, 14, 1751–1764,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0414-x, 2013.
Ziv, B., Harpaz, T., Saaroni, H., and Blender, R.: A new methodology for
identifying daughter cyclogenesis: application for the Mediterranean Basin,
Int. J. Climatol., 35, 3847–3861, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4250,
2015.
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H., Etkin, A., Harpaz, T., and Shendrik, L.: Formation of
cyclones over the East Mediterranean within Red-Sea Troughs, Int. J.
Climatol., 42, 577–596, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7261, 2021.
Zoccatelli, D., Marra, F., Armon, M., Rinat, Y., Smith, J. A., and Morin, E.: Contrasting rainfall-runoff characteristics of floods in desert and Mediterranean basins, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2665–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2665-2019, 2019.
Zoccatelli, D., Marra, F., Smith, J., Goodrich, D., Unkrich, C., Rosensaft,
M., and Morin, E.: Hydrological modelling in desert areas of the eastern
Mediterranean, J. Hydrol., 587, 124879,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124879, 2020.
Short summary
The temporal changes and spatial patterns in precipitation events do not show a homogeneous tendency across the Sinai Peninsula. Mediterranean cyclones accompanied by the Red Sea and Persian troughs are responsible for the majority of Sinai's extreme rainfall events. Cyclone tracking captures 156 cyclones (rainfall ≥10 mm d-1) either formed within or transferred to the Mediterranean basin precipitating over Sinai.
The temporal changes and spatial patterns in precipitation events do not show a homogeneous...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint