Articles | Volume 14, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-185-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-185-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Carbon dioxide removal via macroalgae open-ocean mariculture and sinking: an Earth system modeling study
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
David P. Keller
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Andreas Oschlies
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Total article views: 12,373 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Total article views: 5,813 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Cited
49 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Potential impacts of marine carbon dioxide removal on ocean oxygen A. Oschlies et al.
- Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation using macroalgae: a state of knowledge review A. Pessarrodona et al.
- On the potential of Stommel’s perpetual salt fountain for artificial upwelling J. Kemper et al.
- What is happening to the European Union aquaculture production? Investigating its stagnation and sustainability J. Guillen et al.
- Growth phase-linked Sargassum-associated DOM structures microbial succession and carbon-nutrient coupling in a benthic Sargassum bed X. Ou et al.
- Contrasting carbon dioxide removal potential and nutrient feedbacks of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement and macroalgae afforestation L. Kwiatkowski et al.
- Global potential for seaweed aquaculture on existing offshore infrastructure F. Ross et al.
- Implementation of marine CO2 removal for climate mitigation: The challenges of additionality, predictability, and governability L. Bach et al.
- The combined impact of fisheries and climate change on future carbon sequestration by oceanic macrofauna G. Mariani et al.
- Nitrate limitation resulting from red tide blooms as a key factor of biomass loss in cultivated kelp Saccharina japonica Z. Hu et al.
- Comparative assessment of the performance and economic feasibility of seaweed cultivation at different depths along the Kenyan coast G. Mwaka Holeh et al.
- Prospecting the engineered environmental carbon sinks and ensuring long-term sustainability of karst areas impacted by heavy metal M. Adnan et al.
- Performance prediction for Stommel’s perpetual salt fountain in the context of artificial ocean upwelling J. Kemper et al.
- Comprehensive quantification of production costs for large-scale kelp aquaculture and cost reduction opportunities Z. Moscicki et al.
- Nutrients recovery from seaweed biomass with pulsed electric fields and screw press: A pathway for sustainable large scale offshore seaweed farming, sinking and harvesting M. Kashyap et al.
- Effectiveness of High-Solid Loading Treatments to Enhance Nutrient and Antioxidant Bioavailability in Codium tomentosum C. Ramos-Oliveira et al.
- Large global variations in the carbon dioxide removal potential of seaweed farming due to biophysical constraints I. Arzeno-Soltero et al.
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al.
- New Perspective for Macroalgae-Based Animal Feeding in the Context of Challenging Sustainable Food Production G. González-Meza et al.
- Global ocean spatial suitability for macroalgae offshore cultivation and sinking E. Alevizos & L. Barillé
- A critical review of greenhouse gas emissions from global aquaculture: Sources, drivers, and mitigation pathways H. Yang et al.
- Direct cooling effect of artificial upwelling dominates over its marine carbon dioxide removal potential M. Jürchott et al.
- Unraveling the declining Indian ocean primary productivity and key drivers S. Maishal
- Environmental Stressors Modulating Seasonal and Daily Carbon Dioxide Assimilation and Productivity in Lessonia spicata M. Troncoso et al.
- Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcing J. Wie & B. Moon
- A high-resolution nested model to study the effects of alkalinity additions in Halifax Harbour, a mid-latitude coastal fjord A. Laurent et al.
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al.
- Seaweed: a sustainable solution for greening drug manufacturing in the pursuit of sustainable healthcare L. Pereira & J. Cotas
- Limited understanding of basic ocean processes is hindering progress in marine carbon dioxide removal P. Boyd et al.
- Seaweed responses to ocean acidification: global impacts on growth, biochemical composition, and CO2 mitigation potential I. Eswar et al.
- Seaweeds for carbon dioxide removal (CDR)–Getting the science right M. Troell et al.
- The need for carbon-emissions-driven climate projections in CMIP7 B. Sanderson et al.
- Governance of the High Seas R. Blasiak & J. Claudet
- CMIP6 models agree on similar carbon cycle feedbacks between enhancing terrestrial and marine carbon sinks H. Wey et al.
- Carbon removal and climate change mitigation by seaweed farming: A state of knowledge review A. Pessarrodona et al.
- Climate Change and Water Resource Degradation: Understanding Relationships C. Atugonza et al.
- Maximizing Seaweed Growth on Autonomous Farms: A Dynamic Programming Approach for Underpowered Systems Operating in Uncertain Ocean Currents M. Killer et al.
- A blue carbon eDNA marker reveals macroalgal signals from coastal to deep-sea sediments J. Do et al.
- Seaweed as climate mitigation solution: Categorizing and reflecting on four climate mitigation pathways S. van den Burg et al.
- Scientific advances and future trends in ocean carbon sink: an interdisciplinary review H. Wei et al.
- Enhancing microalgal productivity through bioactive substances, light, and CO2 A. Llanes et al.
- A holistic assessment framework for marine carbon dioxide removal options C. Baatz et al.
- Long-term response of the microbial community to the degradation of DOC released from Undaria pinnatifida Y. Xie et al.
- In-situ deep ocean monitoring reveals rapid kelp degradation limits marine biomass-based carbon sequestration potential and alters benthic ecosystems K. Bauer et al.
- Diatom-mediated food web functioning under ocean artificial upwelling S. Goldenberg et al.
- Assessing the potential for seaweed cultivation in EU seas through an integrated modelling approach D. Macias et al.
- The sugar kelp Saccharina latissima II: Recent advances in farming and applications M. Sæther et al.
- Fisheries carbon sinks–ecosystem services–human well-being nexus: A systematic map Y. Yan et al.
- The response of the ocean carbon cycle to artificial upwelling, ocean iron fertilization and the combination of both M. Jürchott et al.
49 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Potential impacts of marine carbon dioxide removal on ocean oxygen A. Oschlies et al.
- Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation using macroalgae: a state of knowledge review A. Pessarrodona et al.
- On the potential of Stommel’s perpetual salt fountain for artificial upwelling J. Kemper et al.
- What is happening to the European Union aquaculture production? Investigating its stagnation and sustainability J. Guillen et al.
- Growth phase-linked Sargassum-associated DOM structures microbial succession and carbon-nutrient coupling in a benthic Sargassum bed X. Ou et al.
- Contrasting carbon dioxide removal potential and nutrient feedbacks of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement and macroalgae afforestation L. Kwiatkowski et al.
- Global potential for seaweed aquaculture on existing offshore infrastructure F. Ross et al.
- Implementation of marine CO2 removal for climate mitigation: The challenges of additionality, predictability, and governability L. Bach et al.
- The combined impact of fisheries and climate change on future carbon sequestration by oceanic macrofauna G. Mariani et al.
- Nitrate limitation resulting from red tide blooms as a key factor of biomass loss in cultivated kelp Saccharina japonica Z. Hu et al.
- Comparative assessment of the performance and economic feasibility of seaweed cultivation at different depths along the Kenyan coast G. Mwaka Holeh et al.
- Prospecting the engineered environmental carbon sinks and ensuring long-term sustainability of karst areas impacted by heavy metal M. Adnan et al.
- Performance prediction for Stommel’s perpetual salt fountain in the context of artificial ocean upwelling J. Kemper et al.
- Comprehensive quantification of production costs for large-scale kelp aquaculture and cost reduction opportunities Z. Moscicki et al.
- Nutrients recovery from seaweed biomass with pulsed electric fields and screw press: A pathway for sustainable large scale offshore seaweed farming, sinking and harvesting M. Kashyap et al.
- Effectiveness of High-Solid Loading Treatments to Enhance Nutrient and Antioxidant Bioavailability in Codium tomentosum C. Ramos-Oliveira et al.
- Large global variations in the carbon dioxide removal potential of seaweed farming due to biophysical constraints I. Arzeno-Soltero et al.
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al.
- New Perspective for Macroalgae-Based Animal Feeding in the Context of Challenging Sustainable Food Production G. González-Meza et al.
- Global ocean spatial suitability for macroalgae offshore cultivation and sinking E. Alevizos & L. Barillé
- A critical review of greenhouse gas emissions from global aquaculture: Sources, drivers, and mitigation pathways H. Yang et al.
- Direct cooling effect of artificial upwelling dominates over its marine carbon dioxide removal potential M. Jürchott et al.
- Unraveling the declining Indian ocean primary productivity and key drivers S. Maishal
- Environmental Stressors Modulating Seasonal and Daily Carbon Dioxide Assimilation and Productivity in Lessonia spicata M. Troncoso et al.
- Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcing J. Wie & B. Moon
- A high-resolution nested model to study the effects of alkalinity additions in Halifax Harbour, a mid-latitude coastal fjord A. Laurent et al.
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al.
- Seaweed: a sustainable solution for greening drug manufacturing in the pursuit of sustainable healthcare L. Pereira & J. Cotas
- Limited understanding of basic ocean processes is hindering progress in marine carbon dioxide removal P. Boyd et al.
- Seaweed responses to ocean acidification: global impacts on growth, biochemical composition, and CO2 mitigation potential I. Eswar et al.
- Seaweeds for carbon dioxide removal (CDR)–Getting the science right M. Troell et al.
- The need for carbon-emissions-driven climate projections in CMIP7 B. Sanderson et al.
- Governance of the High Seas R. Blasiak & J. Claudet
- CMIP6 models agree on similar carbon cycle feedbacks between enhancing terrestrial and marine carbon sinks H. Wey et al.
- Carbon removal and climate change mitigation by seaweed farming: A state of knowledge review A. Pessarrodona et al.
- Climate Change and Water Resource Degradation: Understanding Relationships C. Atugonza et al.
- Maximizing Seaweed Growth on Autonomous Farms: A Dynamic Programming Approach for Underpowered Systems Operating in Uncertain Ocean Currents M. Killer et al.
- A blue carbon eDNA marker reveals macroalgal signals from coastal to deep-sea sediments J. Do et al.
- Seaweed as climate mitigation solution: Categorizing and reflecting on four climate mitigation pathways S. van den Burg et al.
- Scientific advances and future trends in ocean carbon sink: an interdisciplinary review H. Wei et al.
- Enhancing microalgal productivity through bioactive substances, light, and CO2 A. Llanes et al.
- A holistic assessment framework for marine carbon dioxide removal options C. Baatz et al.
- Long-term response of the microbial community to the degradation of DOC released from Undaria pinnatifida Y. Xie et al.
- In-situ deep ocean monitoring reveals rapid kelp degradation limits marine biomass-based carbon sequestration potential and alters benthic ecosystems K. Bauer et al.
- Diatom-mediated food web functioning under ocean artificial upwelling S. Goldenberg et al.
- Assessing the potential for seaweed cultivation in EU seas through an integrated modelling approach D. Macias et al.
- The sugar kelp Saccharina latissima II: Recent advances in farming and applications M. Sæther et al.
- Fisheries carbon sinks–ecosystem services–human well-being nexus: A systematic map Y. Yan et al.
- The response of the ocean carbon cycle to artificial upwelling, ocean iron fertilization and the combination of both M. Jürchott et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 16 May 2026
Editorial statement
Active measures of reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide are currently debated as an additional means to keep global warming below 1.5C due to slow progress on emissions cuts. This paper deals with this topic of carbon dioxide removal in the ocean and should be of wide interest.
Active measures of reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide are currently debated as an additional...
Short summary
In this study we investigate an ocean-based carbon dioxide removal method: macroalgae open-ocean mariculture and sinking (MOS), which aims to cultivate seaweed in the open-ocean surface and to sink matured biomass quickly to the deep seafloor. Our results suggest that MOS has considerable potential as an ocean-based CDR method. However, MOS has inherent side effects on marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry, which will require careful evaluation beyond this first idealized modeling study.
In this study we investigate an ocean-based carbon dioxide removal method: macroalgae open-ocean...
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