Climate change in the Baltic Sea region: a summary

Meier, H. E. Markus; Kniebusch, Madline; Dieterich, Christian; Gröger, Matthias; Zorita, Eduardo; Elmgren, Ragnar; Myrberg, Kai; Ahola, Markus P.; Bartosova, Alena; Bonsdorff, Erik; Börgel, Florian; Capell, Rene; Carlén, Ida; Carlund, Thomas; Carstensen, Jacob; Christensen, Ole B.; Dierschke, Volker; Frauen, Claudia; Frederiksen, Morten; Gaget, Elie; Galatius, Anders; Haapala, Jari J.; Halkka, Antti; Hugelius, Gustaf; Hünicke, Birgit; Jaagus, Jaak; Jüssi, Mart; Käyhkö, Jukka; Kirchner, Nina; Kjellström, Erik; Kulinski, Karol; Lehmann, Andreas; Lindström, Göran; May, Wilhelm; Miller, Paul A.; Mohrholz, Volker; Müller-Karulis, Bärbel; Pavón-Jordán, Diego; Quante, Markus; Reckermann, Marcus; Rutgersson, Anna; Savchuk, Oleg P.; Stendel, Martin; Tuomi, Laura; Viitasalo, Markku; Weisse, Ralf; Zhang, Wenyan

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022

Articles | Volume 13, issue 1

https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022

© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Special issue:

The Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR)

https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022

© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 13, issue 1

Review

|

15 Mar 2022

Review |

| 15 Mar 2022

Climate change in the Baltic Sea region: a summary

H. E. Markus Meier, Madline Kniebusch, Christian Dieterich, Matthias Gröger, Eduardo Zorita, Ragnar Elmgren, Kai Myrberg, Markus P. Ahola, Alena Bartosova, Erik Bonsdorff, Florian Börgel, Rene Capell, Ida Carlén, Thomas Carlund, Jacob Carstensen, Ole B. Christensen, Volker Dierschke, Claudia Frauen, Morten Frederiksen, Elie Gaget, Anders Galatius, Jari J. Haapala, Antti Halkka, Gustaf Hugelius, Birgit Hünicke, Jaak Jaagus, Mart Jüssi, Jukka Käyhkö, Nina Kirchner, Erik Kjellström, Karol Kulinski, Andreas Lehmann, Göran Lindström, Wilhelm May, Paul A. Miller, Volker Mohrholz, Bärbel Müller-Karulis, Diego Pavón-Jordán, Markus Quante, Marcus Reckermann, Anna Rutgersson, Oleg P. Savchuk, Martin Stendel, Laura Tuomi, Markku Viitasalo, Ralf Weisse, and Wenyan Zhang

Data sets

ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (Permafrost_cci): Permafrost extent for the Northern Hemisphere, v2.0. J. Obu, S. Westermann, C. Barboux, A. Bartsch, R. Delaloye, G. Grosse, B. Heim, G. Hugelius, A. Irrgang, A. M. Kääb, C. Kroisleitner, H. Matthes, I. Nitze, C. Pellet, F. M. Seifert, T. Strozzi, U. Wegmüller, M. Wieczorek, and A. Wiesmann https://doi.org/10.5285/28e889210f884b469d7168fde4b4e54f

Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia NAO https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/nao/nao.dat

KNMI Climate Explorer and Met Office, Atlantic Multidecadal Variability index AMO https://climexp.knmi.nl/data/iamo_hadsst_ts.dat

Stockholm Historical Weather Observations - Monthly mean air temperatures since 1756, Dataset version 1 A. Moberg https://bolin.su.se/data/stockholm-historical-temps-monthly

Copernicus Climate Change Service, precipitation data E-OBS http://surfobs.climate.copernicus.eu/dataaccess/access_eobs.php#datafiles

Long-term times-series of the annual N and P pools in the major basins of the Baltic Sea: 1970-2020 O. P. Savchuk https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358726567_Long-term_times-series_of_the_annual_N_and_P_pools_in_the_major_basins_of_the_Baltic_Sea_1970-2020

European Environment Agency, maximum annual extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea since 1720 provided by Finnish Meteorological Institute EEA https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/maximum-extent-of-ice-cover-3#tab-chart_1

Finnish Meteorological Institute, annual maximum ice extent of the Baltic Sea (MIB) MIB https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ice-season-in-the-baltic-sea

innish Meteorological Institute~(FMI), level ice thickness and length of the ice season data available from the ice service at FMI upon request FMI https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ice-conditions

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), oceanographic database ICES https://www.ices.dk/data/data-portals/Pages/ocean.aspx

Short summary

Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge about the effects of global warming on past and future changes in the climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere.