Articles | Volume 6, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-195-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-195-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Framing hydropower as green energy: assessing drivers, risks and tensions in the Eastern Himalayas
R. Ahlers
Independent researcher, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
J. Budds
School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Water Resources Management, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
V. Merme
Independent researcher, The Hague, the Netherlands
M. Zwarteveen
Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE, Governance and Inclusive Development, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Water Resources Management, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Cited
65 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Achieving water security in rural Indian Himalayas: A participatory account of challenges and potential solutions S. Sen & A. Kansal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.132
- Environmental flows: issues and gaps—a critical analysis C. Bhuiyan https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01092-4
- Timescapes of Himalayan hydropower: Promises, project life cycles, and precarities A. Lord et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1469
- Climate (im)mobility justice under transboundary hydropower: evidence from Northeast Thailand C. Steiner et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2026.2676098
- Sacrificing the local to support the national: Politics, sustainability, and governance in Nepal’s hydropower paradox A. Crootof et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102206
- The ‘Double-Exposure’ of Riverine Communities in Northeast India to Dams and Climate Change C. Rampini https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4175864
- International water law and hydropolitics: an enquiry into the water conflict between India and Nepal H. Vasani https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2023.2176595
- Hydropower in the Himalayan Hazardscape: Strategic Ignorance and the Production of Unequal Risk A. Huber https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030414
- To dam or not to dam in an age of anthropocene: Insights from a genealogy of media discourses S. Flaminio et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2021.100312
- Glacial change and hydrological implications in the Himalaya and Karakoram Y. Nie et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-00124-w
- More dams, more violence? A global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co-produced knowledge D. Del Bene et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0558-1
- A river runs through it? Exploring the contestation of Environmental Impact Assessment procedures for small hydropower projects M. Niță et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.102943
- Disputing the ‘National Interest’: The Depoliticization and Repoliticization of the Belo Monte Dam, Brazil E. Atkins https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010103
- Power production and environmental opinions – Environmentally motivated resistance to wind power in Sweden J. Anshelm & H. Simon https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.211
- Ecología política de las hidroeléctricas J. Arias-Henao & D. Roca-Servat https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.cdr19.epha
- News discourse and readers’ comments: Expanding the range of citizenship positions? Z. Pinto-Coelho et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917707595
- Representations of dams: infrastructures, concessions and controversies S. Flaminio https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2020010
- The ‘double-exposure’ of riverine communities in Northeast India to dams and climate change C. Rampini https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101142
- Hydro-energy cooperation in South Asia: Prospects for transboundary energy and water security U. Saklani et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.07.013
- Renewable Electricity Production in Mountain Regions: Toward a People-Centered Energy Transition Agenda C. Scott et al. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00062
- Transboundary ‘hydro‐hegemony’: 10 years later J. Warner et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1242
- Hydropower, Anti-Politics, and the Opening of New Political Spaces in the Eastern Himalayas A. Huber & D. Joshi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.06.006
- Displaced futures or futures in displacement? Anticipations around the proposed High Grand Falls Dam in Kenya A. Rieber et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2024.103530
- Are Himalayan ecosystems facing hidden collapse? Assessing the drivers and impacts of change to aid conservation, restoration and conflict resolution challenges S. Dhyani https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02692-x
- Anticipating the impact of glaciers, landslides and extreme weather events on vulnerable hydropower projects and the development of an integrated multi-hazard warning system (IMWS) A. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.103791
- The Impacts of Hydropower Dams in the Mekong River Basin: A Review A. Soukhaphon et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030265
- Beyond binaries: negotiating resource futures in the Himalayas U. Saklani https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2026.104556
- Mountains of Our Future Earth: Defining Priorities for Mountain Research—A Synthesis From the 2015 Perth III Conference E. Gleeson et al. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-16-00094.1
- The Consensual Politics of Development: A Case Study of Hydropower Development in the Eastern Himalayan Region of India D. Joshi et al. https://doi.org/10.53037/na.v5i1.9
- « Hydroélectriques » ou « multifonctionnels » ? Les territoires hydrosociaux de deux barrages alpins suisses (Cleuson et Hongrin) S. Flaminio & E. Reynard https://doi.org/10.4000/14gq2
- Watered down? Civil society organizations and hydropower development in the Darjeeling and Sikkim regions, Eastern Himalaya: A comparative study D. Joshi et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1557035
- Mapping research on hydropower and sustainability in the Brazilian Amazon: advances, gaps in knowledge and future directions S. Athayde et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.06.004
- Understanding the Hydropower and Potential Climate Change Impact on the Himalayan River Regimes—A Study of Local Perceptions and Responses from Himachal Pradesh, India N. Sahu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102739
- The financialization of rivers: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) subsidized hydropower in the Mekong Region’s basins at risk S. Motta et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102962
- Evaluating the sustainability of a hydropower project in the Himalayas: A case study for resolving legal disputes in tribunals A. Rana et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.060
- Climate and energy justice along the Brahmaputra river in Northeast India C. Rampini https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211032042
- Regional electricity trade for hydropower development in South Asia G. Timilsina https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1515065
- Dam stories: Using narrative analysis to understand the debate over water security and the Waimea Community Dam N. Lanari & J. Overton https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12329
- Pastoralism in South Asia: Contemporary stresses and adaptations of Himalayan pastoralists R. Singh & C. Kerven https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-023-00283-7
- Picking up arms against a collapsing planet: militarised ecologies on a planetary scale C. Lamain et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2026.104636
- Mitigation or Myth? Impacts of Hydropower Development and Compensatory Afforestation on forest ecosystems in the high Himalayas M. Asher & P. Bhandari https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105041
- Towards a Sustainable Circular Economy (SCE) for Nepal: Current Realities and Perspectives G. Melles et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe16030044
- Biopolítica e hidropoder del agua potable en América Latina: Recursos conceptuales para comprender la hidrohegemonía en América Latina C. Rojas Rosales https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2020.45.005
- Citizens of a hydropower nation: Territory and agency at the frontiers of hydropower development in Nepal A. Lord https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12051
- What Makes a Megaproject? G. Gutierrez et al. https://doi.org/10.3167/ares.2019.100107
- Sustainable hydropower challenges for transboundary Himalayan River Tista: Strengthening future water-sharing between India and Bangladesh K. Ghosh & C. Scott https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101862
- South-South cooperation: Brazilian soy diplomacy looking East? J. Warner https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0505-2
- Displacement Induced by Climate Change Adaptation: The Case of ‘Climate Buffer’ Infrastructure J. Warner & H. Wiegel https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169160
- Is the hydropower boom actually taking place? A case study of a South East European country, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ö. Dogmus & J. Nielsen https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.077
- Conflicting securities: contributions to a critical research agenda on climate security C. Lamain https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2022.2057093
- ‘Hydroelectric’ or ‘Multipurpose’? The Hydrosocial Territories of Two Alpine Dams in Switzerland (Cleuson and Hongrin) S. Flaminio & E. Reynard https://doi.org/10.4000/14gq3
- Unruly Mountains: Hydropower assemblages and geological surprises in the Indian Himalayas S. Vaishnava & J. Baka https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211050780
- Evaluating four decades of energy policy evolution for sustainable development of a South Asian country—Nepal: A comprehensive review U. Bhattarai et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3053
- The future of hydropower development in Nepal: Views from the private sector C. Schulz & U. Saklani https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.138
- Financialization, water governance, and uneven development R. Ahlers & V. Merme https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1166
- Governing the transition to renewable energy: A review of impacts and policy issues in the small hydropower boom S. Kelly-Richards et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.035
- Where walls of power meet the wall of money: Hydropower in the age of financialization R. Ahlers https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1994
- Identification of Major Threats of Climate Change, Hazards, and Anthropogenic Activities on Biodiversity Conservation in the Buxa Tiger Reserve, India U. Das et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-024-01998-y
- ‘When the military finds a new territory, it will never leave’: ‘Vital climate infrastructures’ as new climate militarisation strategy? Observations from Nepal C. Lamain https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796251368712
- Greening small hydropower: A brief review C. Shiji et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100676
- Dammed and diversionary: The multi‐dimensional framing of Brazil's Belo Monte dam E. Atkins https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12206
- We Have Eaten the Rivers: The Past, Present, and Unsustainable Future of Hydroelectricity in Vietnam G. Sasges & A. Ziegler https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118969
- Say Yes to Dams? Negotiating Development and Uncertainty in a Large Dam Project in the Philippines Y. Wu https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2024.2449264
- Assessing the vulnerability of protected areas in the eastern Himalayas based on their biological, anthropogenic, and environmental aspects S. Banerjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100228
- Green Developmentalism? The Political Economy of Hydropower in India in the 21st Century V. Chhotray & H. Vasani https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.70065
65 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Achieving water security in rural Indian Himalayas: A participatory account of challenges and potential solutions S. Sen & A. Kansal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.132
- Environmental flows: issues and gaps—a critical analysis C. Bhuiyan https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01092-4
- Timescapes of Himalayan hydropower: Promises, project life cycles, and precarities A. Lord et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1469
- Climate (im)mobility justice under transboundary hydropower: evidence from Northeast Thailand C. Steiner et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2026.2676098
- Sacrificing the local to support the national: Politics, sustainability, and governance in Nepal’s hydropower paradox A. Crootof et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102206
- The ‘Double-Exposure’ of Riverine Communities in Northeast India to Dams and Climate Change C. Rampini https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4175864
- International water law and hydropolitics: an enquiry into the water conflict between India and Nepal H. Vasani https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2023.2176595
- Hydropower in the Himalayan Hazardscape: Strategic Ignorance and the Production of Unequal Risk A. Huber https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030414
- To dam or not to dam in an age of anthropocene: Insights from a genealogy of media discourses S. Flaminio et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2021.100312
- Glacial change and hydrological implications in the Himalaya and Karakoram Y. Nie et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-00124-w
- More dams, more violence? A global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co-produced knowledge D. Del Bene et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0558-1
- A river runs through it? Exploring the contestation of Environmental Impact Assessment procedures for small hydropower projects M. Niță et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.102943
- Disputing the ‘National Interest’: The Depoliticization and Repoliticization of the Belo Monte Dam, Brazil E. Atkins https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010103
- Power production and environmental opinions – Environmentally motivated resistance to wind power in Sweden J. Anshelm & H. Simon https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.211
- Ecología política de las hidroeléctricas J. Arias-Henao & D. Roca-Servat https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.cdr19.epha
- News discourse and readers’ comments: Expanding the range of citizenship positions? Z. Pinto-Coelho et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917707595
- Representations of dams: infrastructures, concessions and controversies S. Flaminio https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2020010
- The ‘double-exposure’ of riverine communities in Northeast India to dams and climate change C. Rampini https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101142
- Hydro-energy cooperation in South Asia: Prospects for transboundary energy and water security U. Saklani et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.07.013
- Renewable Electricity Production in Mountain Regions: Toward a People-Centered Energy Transition Agenda C. Scott et al. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00062
- Transboundary ‘hydro‐hegemony’: 10 years later J. Warner et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1242
- Hydropower, Anti-Politics, and the Opening of New Political Spaces in the Eastern Himalayas A. Huber & D. Joshi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.06.006
- Displaced futures or futures in displacement? Anticipations around the proposed High Grand Falls Dam in Kenya A. Rieber et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2024.103530
- Are Himalayan ecosystems facing hidden collapse? Assessing the drivers and impacts of change to aid conservation, restoration and conflict resolution challenges S. Dhyani https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02692-x
- Anticipating the impact of glaciers, landslides and extreme weather events on vulnerable hydropower projects and the development of an integrated multi-hazard warning system (IMWS) A. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.103791
- The Impacts of Hydropower Dams in the Mekong River Basin: A Review A. Soukhaphon et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030265
- Beyond binaries: negotiating resource futures in the Himalayas U. Saklani https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2026.104556
- Mountains of Our Future Earth: Defining Priorities for Mountain Research—A Synthesis From the 2015 Perth III Conference E. Gleeson et al. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-16-00094.1
- The Consensual Politics of Development: A Case Study of Hydropower Development in the Eastern Himalayan Region of India D. Joshi et al. https://doi.org/10.53037/na.v5i1.9
- « Hydroélectriques » ou « multifonctionnels » ? Les territoires hydrosociaux de deux barrages alpins suisses (Cleuson et Hongrin) S. Flaminio & E. Reynard https://doi.org/10.4000/14gq2
- Watered down? Civil society organizations and hydropower development in the Darjeeling and Sikkim regions, Eastern Himalaya: A comparative study D. Joshi et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1557035
- Mapping research on hydropower and sustainability in the Brazilian Amazon: advances, gaps in knowledge and future directions S. Athayde et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.06.004
- Understanding the Hydropower and Potential Climate Change Impact on the Himalayan River Regimes—A Study of Local Perceptions and Responses from Himachal Pradesh, India N. Sahu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102739
- The financialization of rivers: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) subsidized hydropower in the Mekong Region’s basins at risk S. Motta et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102962
- Evaluating the sustainability of a hydropower project in the Himalayas: A case study for resolving legal disputes in tribunals A. Rana et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.060
- Climate and energy justice along the Brahmaputra river in Northeast India C. Rampini https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211032042
- Regional electricity trade for hydropower development in South Asia G. Timilsina https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1515065
- Dam stories: Using narrative analysis to understand the debate over water security and the Waimea Community Dam N. Lanari & J. Overton https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12329
- Pastoralism in South Asia: Contemporary stresses and adaptations of Himalayan pastoralists R. Singh & C. Kerven https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-023-00283-7
- Picking up arms against a collapsing planet: militarised ecologies on a planetary scale C. Lamain et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2026.104636
- Mitigation or Myth? Impacts of Hydropower Development and Compensatory Afforestation on forest ecosystems in the high Himalayas M. Asher & P. Bhandari https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105041
- Towards a Sustainable Circular Economy (SCE) for Nepal: Current Realities and Perspectives G. Melles et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe16030044
- Biopolítica e hidropoder del agua potable en América Latina: Recursos conceptuales para comprender la hidrohegemonía en América Latina C. Rojas Rosales https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2020.45.005
- Citizens of a hydropower nation: Territory and agency at the frontiers of hydropower development in Nepal A. Lord https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12051
- What Makes a Megaproject? G. Gutierrez et al. https://doi.org/10.3167/ares.2019.100107
- Sustainable hydropower challenges for transboundary Himalayan River Tista: Strengthening future water-sharing between India and Bangladesh K. Ghosh & C. Scott https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101862
- South-South cooperation: Brazilian soy diplomacy looking East? J. Warner https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0505-2
- Displacement Induced by Climate Change Adaptation: The Case of ‘Climate Buffer’ Infrastructure J. Warner & H. Wiegel https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169160
- Is the hydropower boom actually taking place? A case study of a South East European country, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ö. Dogmus & J. Nielsen https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.077
- Conflicting securities: contributions to a critical research agenda on climate security C. Lamain https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2022.2057093
- ‘Hydroelectric’ or ‘Multipurpose’? The Hydrosocial Territories of Two Alpine Dams in Switzerland (Cleuson and Hongrin) S. Flaminio & E. Reynard https://doi.org/10.4000/14gq3
- Unruly Mountains: Hydropower assemblages and geological surprises in the Indian Himalayas S. Vaishnava & J. Baka https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211050780
- Evaluating four decades of energy policy evolution for sustainable development of a South Asian country—Nepal: A comprehensive review U. Bhattarai et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3053
- The future of hydropower development in Nepal: Views from the private sector C. Schulz & U. Saklani https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.138
- Financialization, water governance, and uneven development R. Ahlers & V. Merme https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1166
- Governing the transition to renewable energy: A review of impacts and policy issues in the small hydropower boom S. Kelly-Richards et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.035
- Where walls of power meet the wall of money: Hydropower in the age of financialization R. Ahlers https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1994
- Identification of Major Threats of Climate Change, Hazards, and Anthropogenic Activities on Biodiversity Conservation in the Buxa Tiger Reserve, India U. Das et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-024-01998-y
- ‘When the military finds a new territory, it will never leave’: ‘Vital climate infrastructures’ as new climate militarisation strategy? Observations from Nepal C. Lamain https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796251368712
- Greening small hydropower: A brief review C. Shiji et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100676
- Dammed and diversionary: The multi‐dimensional framing of Brazil's Belo Monte dam E. Atkins https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12206
- We Have Eaten the Rivers: The Past, Present, and Unsustainable Future of Hydroelectricity in Vietnam G. Sasges & A. Ziegler https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118969
- Say Yes to Dams? Negotiating Development and Uncertainty in a Large Dam Project in the Philippines Y. Wu https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2024.2449264
- Assessing the vulnerability of protected areas in the eastern Himalayas based on their biological, anthropogenic, and environmental aspects S. Banerjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100228
- Green Developmentalism? The Political Economy of Hydropower in India in the 21st Century V. Chhotray & H. Vasani https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.70065
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 12 Jun 2026
Short summary
Ambitious hydropower plans in the Eastern Himalayas prominently involve the private finance sector. We question the framing of hydropower as green energy, interrogate its links with climate change, and examine its potential for investment and capital accumulation and show a number of serious contradictions. Impacts cannot be simply predicted, controlled or mitigated. More focus on political economic drivers and geo-ecological uncertainties infused with localized understandings is sorely needed.
Ambitious hydropower plans in the Eastern Himalayas prominently involve the private finance...
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