Solar irradiance reduction to counteract radiative forcing from a quadrupling of CO<sub>2</sub>: climate responses simulated by four earth system models

Schmidt, H.; Alterskjær, K.; Bou Karam, D.; Boucher, O.; Jones, A.; Kristjánsson, J. E.; Niemeier, U.; Schulz, M.; Aaheim, A.; Benduhn, F.; Lawrence, M.; Timmreck, C.

doi:10.5194/esd-3-63-2012

Articles | Volume 3, issue 1

https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-63-2012

© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-63-2012

© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 3, issue 1

Research article

| Highlight paper

|

06 Jun 2012

Research article | Highlight paper |

| 06 Jun 2012

Solar irradiance reduction to counteract radiative forcing from a quadrupling of CO₂: climate responses simulated by four earth system models

H. Schmidt, K. Alterskjær, D. Bou Karam, O. Boucher, A. Jones, J. E. Kristjánsson, U. Niemeier, M. Schulz, A. Aaheim, F. Benduhn, M. Lawrence, and C. Timmreck

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Total article views: 21,421 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
15,735	5,079	607	21,421	488	380

HTML: 15,735
PDF: 5,079
XML: 607
Total: 21,421
BibTeX: 488
EndNote: 380

Views and downloads (calculated since 01 Feb 2013, article published on 25 Jan 2012)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Feb 2013	445	77	10	532
Mar 2013	131	76	7	214
Apr 2013	139	79	11	229
May 2013	111	93	5	209
Jun 2013	91	39	2	132
Jul 2013	82	77	6	165
Aug 2013	44	43	2	89
Sep 2013	365	56	4	425
Oct 2013	915	82	4	1,001
Nov 2013	468	68	7	543
Dec 2013	78	75	14	167
Jan 2014	102	103	14	219
Feb 2014	566	87	13	666
Mar 2014	733	93	10	836
Apr 2014	207	66	35	308
May 2014	120	60	30	210
Jun 2014	175	63	13	251
Jul 2014	118	55	5	178
Aug 2014	85	254	1	340
Sep 2014	116	56	2	174
Oct 2014	979	47	6	1,032
Nov 2014	767	74	2	843
Dec 2014	91	61	4	156
Jan 2015	74	225	3	302
Feb 2015	69	41	5	115
Mar 2015	58	30	3	91
Apr 2015	96	33	7	136
May 2015	48	20	0	68
Jun 2015	86	20	1	107
Jul 2015	80	7	2	89
Aug 2015	53	27	0	80
Sep 2015	51	15	2	68
Oct 2015	45	16	3	64
Nov 2015	57	16	1	74
Dec 2015	39	50	1	90
Jan 2016	77	16	6	99
Feb 2016	63	32	3	98
Mar 2016	64	17	3	84
Apr 2016	41	94	1	136
May 2016	41	17	2	60
Jun 2016	34	14	3	51
Jul 2016	45	10	5	60
Aug 2016	42	10	1	53
Sep 2016	21	5	2	28
Oct 2016	35	6	2	43
Nov 2016	27	11	0	38
Dec 2016	17	11	0	28
Jan 2017	43	12	1	56
Feb 2017	35	11	3	49
Mar 2017	116	39	9	164
Apr 2017	76	16	6	98
May 2017	73	26	8	107
Jun 2017	62	19	1	82
Jul 2017	36	11	4	51
Aug 2017	30	9	0	39
Sep 2017	24	11	1	36
Oct 2017	33	18	0	51
Nov 2017	25	24	1	50
Dec 2017	39	20	2	61
Jan 2018	37	58	8	103
Feb 2018	55	79	20	154
Mar 2018	34	66	3	103
Apr 2018	39	35	2	76
May 2018	32	23	2	57
Jun 2018	29	19	3	51
Jul 2018	39	21	1	61
Aug 2018	45	17	0	62
Sep 2018	39	25	5	69
Oct 2018	41	24	5	70
Nov 2018	36	28	2	66
Dec 2018	24	21	1	46
Jan 2019	22	12	4	38
Feb 2019	27	10	0	37
Mar 2019	60	22	0	82
Apr 2019	54	17	1	72
May 2019	46	18	2	66
Jun 2019	39	14	1	54
Jul 2019	48	8	3	59
Aug 2019	58	9	2	69
Sep 2019	38	10	0	48
Oct 2019	61	17	2	80
Nov 2019	52	12	0	64
Dec 2019	72	13	4	89
Jan 2020	61	7	0	68
Feb 2020	49	13	1	63
Mar 2020	65	18	1	84
Apr 2020	48	11	0	59
May 2020	39	14	0	53
Jun 2020	44	17	1	62
Jul 2020	50	40	25	115
Aug 2020	38	9	4	51
Sep 2020	56	22	0	78
Oct 2020	47	24	3	74
Nov 2020	78	36	1	115
Dec 2020	64	29	0	93
Jan 2021	64	26	0	90
Feb 2021	59	13	2	74
Mar 2021	82	24	1	107
Apr 2021	52	16	3	71
May 2021	65	22	4	91
Jun 2021	70	21	2	93
Jul 2021	70	25	3	98
Aug 2021	60	25	2	87
Sep 2021	60	17	3	80
Oct 2021	64	48	4	116
Nov 2021	68	42	5	115
Dec 2021	80	33	2	115
Jan 2022	123	31	2	156
Feb 2022	149	21	3	173
Mar 2022	116	17	2	135
Apr 2022	117	14	2	133
May 2022	94	21	1	116
Jun 2022	94	6	4	104
Jul 2022	124	15	0	139
Aug 2022	95	16	1	112
Sep 2022	63	10	5	78
Oct 2022	73	18	2	93
Nov 2022	94	36	3	133
Dec 2022	83	30	3	116
Jan 2023	77	20	0	97
Feb 2023	70	12	0	82
Mar 2023	78	24	3	105
Apr 2023	63	22	2	87
May 2023	61	23	2	86
Jun 2023	48	12	2	62
Jul 2023	66	12	3	81
Aug 2023	59	18	1	78
Sep 2023	118	16	2	136
Oct 2023	257	20	1	278
Nov 2023	261	12	0	273
Dec 2023	69	83	4	156
Jan 2024	48	27	0	75
Feb 2024	48	28	0	76
Mar 2024	92	30	5	127
Apr 2024	94	26	20	140
May 2024	73	24	1	98
Jun 2024	124	31	7	162
Jul 2024	64	19	7	90
Aug 2024	121	26	6	153
Sep 2024	111	24	5	140
Oct 2024	71	20	4	95
Nov 2024	65	36	12	113
Dec 2024	125	108	10	243
Jan 2025	115	36	11	162
Feb 2025	97	22	4	123
Mar 2025	67	15	5	87
Apr 2025	100	32	2	134
May 2025	117	14	1	132
Jun 2025	118	19	2	139
Jul 2025	91	14	3	108
Aug 2025	110	46	7	163
Sep 2025	71	30	7	108
Oct 2025	69	39	3	111
Nov 2025	49	31	0	80

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 01 Feb 2013, article published on 25 Jan 2012)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Feb 2013	445	77	10	532
Mar 2013	131	76	7	214
Apr 2013	139	79	11	229
May 2013	111	93	5	209
Jun 2013	91	39	2	132
Jul 2013	82	77	6	165
Aug 2013	44	43	2	89
Sep 2013	365	56	4	425
Oct 2013	915	82	4	1,001
Nov 2013	468	68	7	543
Dec 2013	78	75	14	167
Jan 2014	102	103	14	219
Feb 2014	566	87	13	666
Mar 2014	733	93	10	836
Apr 2014	207	66	35	308
May 2014	120	60	30	210
Jun 2014	175	63	13	251
Jul 2014	118	55	5	178
Aug 2014	85	254	1	340
Sep 2014	116	56	2	174
Oct 2014	979	47	6	1,032
Nov 2014	767	74	2	843
Dec 2014	91	61	4	156
Jan 2015	74	225	3	302
Feb 2015	69	41	5	115
Mar 2015	58	30	3	91
Apr 2015	96	33	7	136
May 2015	48	20	0	68
Jun 2015	86	20	1	107
Jul 2015	80	7	2	89
Aug 2015	53	27	0	80
Sep 2015	51	15	2	68
Oct 2015	45	16	3	64
Nov 2015	57	16	1	74
Dec 2015	39	50	1	90
Jan 2016	77	16	6	99
Feb 2016	63	32	3	98
Mar 2016	64	17	3	84
Apr 2016	41	94	1	136
May 2016	41	17	2	60
Jun 2016	34	14	3	51
Jul 2016	45	10	5	60
Aug 2016	42	10	1	53
Sep 2016	21	5	2	28
Oct 2016	35	6	2	43
Nov 2016	27	11	0	38
Dec 2016	17	11	0	28
Jan 2017	43	12	1	56
Feb 2017	35	11	3	49
Mar 2017	116	39	9	164
Apr 2017	76	16	6	98
May 2017	73	26	8	107
Jun 2017	62	19	1	82
Jul 2017	36	11	4	51
Aug 2017	30	9	0	39
Sep 2017	24	11	1	36
Oct 2017	33	18	0	51
Nov 2017	25	24	1	50
Dec 2017	39	20	2	61
Jan 2018	37	58	8	103
Feb 2018	55	79	20	154
Mar 2018	34	66	3	103
Apr 2018	39	35	2	76
May 2018	32	23	2	57
Jun 2018	29	19	3	51
Jul 2018	39	21	1	61
Aug 2018	45	17	0	62
Sep 2018	39	25	5	69
Oct 2018	41	24	5	70
Nov 2018	36	28	2	66
Dec 2018	24	21	1	46
Jan 2019	22	12	4	38
Feb 2019	27	10	0	37
Mar 2019	60	22	0	82
Apr 2019	54	17	1	72
May 2019	46	18	2	66
Jun 2019	39	14	1	54
Jul 2019	48	8	3	59
Aug 2019	58	9	2	69
Sep 2019	38	10	0	48
Oct 2019	61	17	2	80
Nov 2019	52	12	0	64
Dec 2019	72	13	4	89
Jan 2020	61	7	0	68
Feb 2020	49	13	1	63
Mar 2020	65	18	1	84
Apr 2020	48	11	0	59
May 2020	39	14	0	53
Jun 2020	44	17	1	62
Jul 2020	50	40	25	115
Aug 2020	38	9	4	51
Sep 2020	56	22	0	78
Oct 2020	47	24	3	74
Nov 2020	78	36	1	115
Dec 2020	64	29	0	93
Jan 2021	64	26	0	90
Feb 2021	59	13	2	74
Mar 2021	82	24	1	107
Apr 2021	52	16	3	71
May 2021	65	22	4	91
Jun 2021	70	21	2	93
Jul 2021	70	25	3	98
Aug 2021	60	25	2	87
Sep 2021	60	17	3	80
Oct 2021	64	48	4	116
Nov 2021	68	42	5	115
Dec 2021	80	33	2	115
Jan 2022	123	31	2	156
Feb 2022	149	21	3	173
Mar 2022	116	17	2	135
Apr 2022	117	14	2	133
May 2022	94	21	1	116
Jun 2022	94	6	4	104
Jul 2022	124	15	0	139
Aug 2022	95	16	1	112
Sep 2022	63	10	5	78
Oct 2022	73	18	2	93
Nov 2022	94	36	3	133
Dec 2022	83	30	3	116
Jan 2023	77	20	0	97
Feb 2023	70	12	0	82
Mar 2023	78	24	3	105
Apr 2023	63	22	2	87
May 2023	61	23	2	86
Jun 2023	48	12	2	62
Jul 2023	66	12	3	81
Aug 2023	59	18	1	78
Sep 2023	118	16	2	136
Oct 2023	257	20	1	278
Nov 2023	261	12	0	273
Dec 2023	69	83	4	156
Jan 2024	48	27	0	75
Feb 2024	48	28	0	76
Mar 2024	92	30	5	127
Apr 2024	94	26	20	140
May 2024	73	24	1	98
Jun 2024	124	31	7	162
Jul 2024	64	19	7	90
Aug 2024	121	26	6	153
Sep 2024	111	24	5	140
Oct 2024	71	20	4	95
Nov 2024	65	36	12	113
Dec 2024	125	108	10	243
Jan 2025	115	36	11	162
Feb 2025	97	22	4	123
Mar 2025	67	15	5	87
Apr 2025	100	32	2	134
May 2025	117	14	1	132
Jun 2025	118	19	2	139
Jul 2025	91	14	3	108
Aug 2025	110	46	7	163
Sep 2025	71	30	7	108
Oct 2025	69	39	3	111
Nov 2025	49	31	0	80

Latest update: 19 Nov 2025

Solar irradiance reduction to counteract radiative forcing from a quadrupling of CO2: climate responses simulated by four earth system models

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Solar irradiance reduction to counteract radiative forcing from a quadrupling of CO₂: climate responses simulated by four earth system models