Articles | Volume 12, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1015-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1015-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Vulnerability of European ecosystems to two compound dry and hot summers in 2018 and 2019
Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
René Orth
Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Markus Reichstein
Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Philippe Ciais
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Nicolas Viovy
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Sönke Zaehle
Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Peter Anthoni
KIT, Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Almut Arneth
KIT, Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Pierre Gentine
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA
Earth Institute and Data Science Institute, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA
Emilie Joetzjer
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Sebastian Lienert
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Tammas Loughran
Ludwig-Maximilian University, Geography Dept., Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
Patrick C. McGuire
Department of Meteorology, Department of Geography Environmental Science, and National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB, UK
Sungmin O
Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Julia Pongratz
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Stephen Sitch
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
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Cited
84 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Cross-sectoral impacts of the 2018–2019 Central European drought and climate resilience in the German part of the Elbe River basin T. Conradt et al.
- Extreme heat and drought typical of an end-of-century climate could occur over Europe soon and repeatedly L. Suarez-Gutierrez et al.
- High-resolution European daily soil moisture derived with machine learning (2003–2020) S. O et al.
- Carbon dynamics in long-term starving poplar trees—the importance of older carbohydrates and a shift to lipids during survival J. Helm et al.
- Continental lowlands face rising crop vulnerability: structural change in regional climate sensitivity of crop yields, Hungary (Central and Eastern Europe), 1921–2010 Z. Pinke et al.
- Atmospheric drought indices in future projections S. Vicente-Serrano et al.
- UAV-based reference data for the prediction of fractional cover of standing deadwood from Sentinel time series F. Schiefer et al.
- Increased snow cover enhances gross primary productivity in cold and dry regions of the Tibetan Plateau H. Liu et al.
- Critical Climate Periods Explain a Large Fraction of the Observed Variability in Vegetation State A. Kern et al.
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- Detectable Anthropogenic Intensification of the Summer Compound Hot and Dry Events Over Global Land Areas R. Pan et al.
- Ecosystem Resilience Monitoring and Early Warning Using Earth Observation Data: Challenges and Outlook S. Bathiany et al.
- Increased Sensitivity of Global Vegetation Productivity to Drought Over the Recent Three Decades X. Wei et al.
- Winter climate preconditioning of summer vegetation extremes in the Northern Hemisphere M. Anand et al.
- Influence of simulated vs. satellite-based burned areas on modelled terrestrial carbon fluxes T. Ermitão et al.
- Hidden forest loss: challenges in detecting wind- and insect-driven forest disturbances with global forest change landsat-based products in mixed southern boreal forests K. Korznikov et al.
- The characteristics and spatiotemporal evolution of heatwaves and droughts across six typical regions in China Y. Yang & D. Liu
- Extreme Events Contributing to Tipping Elements and Tipping Points A. Romanou et al.
- Spatial Variability of Forest Resilience Potential in the Western Himalayas - A Multivariate Approach Under Future Climate Scenarios M. Samanta et al.
- Maximal reachable temperatures for Western Europe in current climate R. Noyelle et al.
- Association between hydroclimatic factors and vegetation health: Impact of climate change in the past and future S. Dash & R. Maity
- Review article: The growth in compound weather and climate event research in the decade since SREX L. Brett et al.
- Large Variability in Simulated Response of Vegetation Composition and Carbon Dynamics to Variations in Drought‐Heat Occurrence E. Tschumi et al.
- Advances and gaps in the science and practice of impact‐based forecasting of droughts A. Shyrokaya et al.
- Identifying compound weather drivers of forest biomass loss with generative deep learning M. Anand et al.
- Significant relationships between drought indicators and impacts for the 2018–2019 drought in Germany A. Shyrokaya et al.
- Increasing compound drought and hot event over the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on soil water D. Wu & Z. Hu
- Changes in land evapotranspiration components under compound droughts and hot extremes across the globe Y. Pang et al.
- Securing the forest carbon sink for the European Union’s climate ambition M. Migliavacca et al.
- Mountain protective forests under threat? an in-depth review of global change impacts on their protective effect against natural hazards C. Moos et al.
- Modelling decadal trends and the impact of extreme events on carbon fluxes in a temperate deciduous forest using a terrestrial biosphere model T. Thum et al.
- A Bayesian statistical method to estimate the climatology of extreme temperature under multiple scenarios: the ANKIALE package Y. Robin et al.
- Resistance of grassland productivity to drought and heatwave over a temperate semi-arid climate zone Y. Huang et al.
- Summer hot extremes and antecedent drought conditions in Australia P. Páscoa et al.
- Enhanced India‐Africa Carbon Uptake and Asia‐Pacific Carbon Release Associated With the 2019 Extreme Positive Indian Ocean Dipole J. Wang et al.
- Projected Increase in Compound Drought and Hot Days over Global Maize Areas under Global Warming Y. He et al.
- Regional estimates of gross primary production applying the Process-Based Model 3D-CMCC-FEM vs. Remote-Sensing multiple datasets D. Dalmonech et al.
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- Multi-annual grassland mowing dynamics in Germany: spatio-temporal patterns and the influence of climate, topographic and socio-political conditions S. Reinermann et al.
- Potential of Biochar to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Boreal Arable Soils in the Long-Term S. Kalu et al.
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- More than three-fold increase in compound soil and air dryness across Europe by the end of 21st century A. Shekhar et al.
- Characteristic changes in compound drought and heatwave events under climate change C. Wang et al.
- Assessing the impact of drought on water cycling in urban trees via in-situ isotopic monitoring of plant xylem water A. Ring et al.
- Compound events in Germany in 2018: drivers and case studies E. Xoplaki et al.
- Contrasting drought legacy effects on gross primary productivity in a mixed versus pure beech forest X. Yu et al.
- Dheed: an ERA5 based global database of compound dry and hot extreme events from 1950 to 2023 M. Weynants et al.
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- Limited provenance differentiation and trait-dependent site effects revealed in a European beech provenance trial M. Müller et al.
- Atmospheric jet stream variability reflects vegetation activity in Europe G. Messori et al.
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- Precipitation–temperature relationships over Europe in CORDEX regional climate models O. Lhotka & J. Kyselý
- Substantial Differences in Compound Long‐Duration Dry and Hot Events Over China Between Transient and Stabilized Warmer Worlds at 1.5°C Global Warming Y. Yang & J. Tang
- Advancing the impact of plant biostimulants to sustainable agriculture through nanotechnologies P. Magnabosco et al.
- The perfect storm? Co-occurring climate extremes in East Africa D. Muheki et al.
- What drives the compound drought and heat events? A dynamic perspective S. Zhou et al.
- Earth-Observation-Based Monitoring of Forests in Germany—Recent Progress and Research Frontiers: A Review S. Holzwarth et al.
- Land–atmosphere coupling exacerbates the moisture-associated heterogeneous impacts of compound extreme events on maize yield in China Z. Li et al.
- Ecological assessment of forest management approaches to develop resilient forests in the face of global change in Central Europe F. Huth et al.
- The severity of dry and hot climate extremes and their related impacts on vegetation in Madagascar C. Gouveia et al.
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- Advancing research on compound weather and climate events via large ensemble model simulations E. Bevacqua et al.
- Non‐Stationary Lags and Legacies in Ecosystem Flux Response to Antecedent Rainfall J. Cranko Page et al.
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- Review article: Drought as a continuum – memory effects in interlinked hydrological, ecological, and social systems A. Van Loon et al.
- A geographically weighted XGBoost framework for Pixel-Level modeling of vegetation responses using Multi-Source Earth Observation data Y. Khosravi & T. Ouarda
- Compound droughts and hot extremes: Characteristics, drivers, changes, and impacts Z. Hao et al.
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- Resistance of vegetation sensitivity to climate and human activities under short-term drought in subtropical humid region: a case study of Guangdong, China Y. Wu et al.
- Drought Legacy in Sub‐Seasonal Vegetation State and Sensitivity to Climate Over the Northern Hemisphere M. Wu et al.
- Changes in the probability of temporally compound wet and dry events in a warmer world: case study in the Upper Jhelum Basin—South Asia R. Ansari et al.
- Growing through dry spells: Unveiling tolerance thresholds in three major tree species during soil water scarcity in Central Europe Z. Foroozan et al.
- Changes in compound dry–hot extremes in Croatia: Spatio-temporal features and the dominant role of temperature M. Boras et al.
- The Forest Resistance to Droughts Differentiated by Tree Height in Central Europe T. Li et al.
- Recovery Following Recurrent Fires Across Mediterranean Ecosystems T. Ermitão et al.
- Compound atmospheric and marine hot extremes coupled with droughts in Madagascar A. Russo et al.
- The extremely hot and dry 2018 summer in central and northern Europe from a multi-faceted weather and climate perspective E. Rousi et al.
- Land surface model underperformance tied to specific meteorological conditions J. Cranko Page et al.
- Evaluating the consistency of forest disturbance datasets in continental USA L. Eifler et al.
- Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide H. Hartmann et al.
- Evidence and attribution of the enhanced land carbon sink S. Ruehr et al.
- Towards species‐level forecasts of drought‐induced tree mortality risk M. De Kauwe et al.
- Continuous assessment of the factors driving the urban surface thermal environment in 1,469 cities worldwide J. Yang et al.
- Increased stress from compound drought and heat events on vegetation S. Zhou et al.
84 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Cross-sectoral impacts of the 2018–2019 Central European drought and climate resilience in the German part of the Elbe River basin T. Conradt et al.
- Extreme heat and drought typical of an end-of-century climate could occur over Europe soon and repeatedly L. Suarez-Gutierrez et al.
- High-resolution European daily soil moisture derived with machine learning (2003–2020) S. O et al.
- Carbon dynamics in long-term starving poplar trees—the importance of older carbohydrates and a shift to lipids during survival J. Helm et al.
- Continental lowlands face rising crop vulnerability: structural change in regional climate sensitivity of crop yields, Hungary (Central and Eastern Europe), 1921–2010 Z. Pinke et al.
- Atmospheric drought indices in future projections S. Vicente-Serrano et al.
- UAV-based reference data for the prediction of fractional cover of standing deadwood from Sentinel time series F. Schiefer et al.
- Increased snow cover enhances gross primary productivity in cold and dry regions of the Tibetan Plateau H. Liu et al.
- Critical Climate Periods Explain a Large Fraction of the Observed Variability in Vegetation State A. Kern et al.
- The 2018 west-central European drought projected in a warmer climate: how much drier can it get? E. Aalbers et al.
- Detectable Anthropogenic Intensification of the Summer Compound Hot and Dry Events Over Global Land Areas R. Pan et al.
- Ecosystem Resilience Monitoring and Early Warning Using Earth Observation Data: Challenges and Outlook S. Bathiany et al.
- Increased Sensitivity of Global Vegetation Productivity to Drought Over the Recent Three Decades X. Wei et al.
- Winter climate preconditioning of summer vegetation extremes in the Northern Hemisphere M. Anand et al.
- Influence of simulated vs. satellite-based burned areas on modelled terrestrial carbon fluxes T. Ermitão et al.
- Hidden forest loss: challenges in detecting wind- and insect-driven forest disturbances with global forest change landsat-based products in mixed southern boreal forests K. Korznikov et al.
- The characteristics and spatiotemporal evolution of heatwaves and droughts across six typical regions in China Y. Yang & D. Liu
- Extreme Events Contributing to Tipping Elements and Tipping Points A. Romanou et al.
- Spatial Variability of Forest Resilience Potential in the Western Himalayas - A Multivariate Approach Under Future Climate Scenarios M. Samanta et al.
- Maximal reachable temperatures for Western Europe in current climate R. Noyelle et al.
- Association between hydroclimatic factors and vegetation health: Impact of climate change in the past and future S. Dash & R. Maity
- Review article: The growth in compound weather and climate event research in the decade since SREX L. Brett et al.
- Large Variability in Simulated Response of Vegetation Composition and Carbon Dynamics to Variations in Drought‐Heat Occurrence E. Tschumi et al.
- Advances and gaps in the science and practice of impact‐based forecasting of droughts A. Shyrokaya et al.
- Identifying compound weather drivers of forest biomass loss with generative deep learning M. Anand et al.
- Significant relationships between drought indicators and impacts for the 2018–2019 drought in Germany A. Shyrokaya et al.
- Increasing compound drought and hot event over the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on soil water D. Wu & Z. Hu
- Changes in land evapotranspiration components under compound droughts and hot extremes across the globe Y. Pang et al.
- Securing the forest carbon sink for the European Union’s climate ambition M. Migliavacca et al.
- Mountain protective forests under threat? an in-depth review of global change impacts on their protective effect against natural hazards C. Moos et al.
- Modelling decadal trends and the impact of extreme events on carbon fluxes in a temperate deciduous forest using a terrestrial biosphere model T. Thum et al.
- A Bayesian statistical method to estimate the climatology of extreme temperature under multiple scenarios: the ANKIALE package Y. Robin et al.
- Resistance of grassland productivity to drought and heatwave over a temperate semi-arid climate zone Y. Huang et al.
- Summer hot extremes and antecedent drought conditions in Australia P. Páscoa et al.
- Enhanced India‐Africa Carbon Uptake and Asia‐Pacific Carbon Release Associated With the 2019 Extreme Positive Indian Ocean Dipole J. Wang et al.
- Projected Increase in Compound Drought and Hot Days over Global Maize Areas under Global Warming Y. He et al.
- Regional estimates of gross primary production applying the Process-Based Model 3D-CMCC-FEM vs. Remote-Sensing multiple datasets D. Dalmonech et al.
- Distinct impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole on China's gross primary production R. Yan et al.
- Multi-annual grassland mowing dynamics in Germany: spatio-temporal patterns and the influence of climate, topographic and socio-political conditions S. Reinermann et al.
- Potential of Biochar to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Boreal Arable Soils in the Long-Term S. Kalu et al.
- Impacts on and damage to European forests from the 2018–2022 heat and drought events F. Knutzen et al.
- More than three-fold increase in compound soil and air dryness across Europe by the end of 21st century A. Shekhar et al.
- Characteristic changes in compound drought and heatwave events under climate change C. Wang et al.
- Assessing the impact of drought on water cycling in urban trees via in-situ isotopic monitoring of plant xylem water A. Ring et al.
- Compound events in Germany in 2018: drivers and case studies E. Xoplaki et al.
- Contrasting drought legacy effects on gross primary productivity in a mixed versus pure beech forest X. Yu et al.
- Dheed: an ERA5 based global database of compound dry and hot extreme events from 1950 to 2023 M. Weynants et al.
- Observed and CMIP6 simulated occurrence and intensity of compound agroclimatic extremes over maize harvested areas in China Z. Li et al.
- Limited provenance differentiation and trait-dependent site effects revealed in a European beech provenance trial M. Müller et al.
- Atmospheric jet stream variability reflects vegetation activity in Europe G. Messori et al.
- Vegetation Stress Monitor—Assessment of Drought and Temperature-Related Effects on Vegetation in Germany Analyzing MODIS Time Series over 23 Years U. Gessner et al.
- Precipitation–temperature relationships over Europe in CORDEX regional climate models O. Lhotka & J. Kyselý
- Substantial Differences in Compound Long‐Duration Dry and Hot Events Over China Between Transient and Stabilized Warmer Worlds at 1.5°C Global Warming Y. Yang & J. Tang
- Advancing the impact of plant biostimulants to sustainable agriculture through nanotechnologies P. Magnabosco et al.
- The perfect storm? Co-occurring climate extremes in East Africa D. Muheki et al.
- What drives the compound drought and heat events? A dynamic perspective S. Zhou et al.
- Earth-Observation-Based Monitoring of Forests in Germany—Recent Progress and Research Frontiers: A Review S. Holzwarth et al.
- Land–atmosphere coupling exacerbates the moisture-associated heterogeneous impacts of compound extreme events on maize yield in China Z. Li et al.
- Ecological assessment of forest management approaches to develop resilient forests in the face of global change in Central Europe F. Huth et al.
- The severity of dry and hot climate extremes and their related impacts on vegetation in Madagascar C. Gouveia et al.
- Spatio-temporal patterns of evapotranspiration in the temperate Eastern German lowlands and its response to climate and land use change S. Ahmadpour et al.
- Advancing research on compound weather and climate events via large ensemble model simulations E. Bevacqua et al.
- Non‐Stationary Lags and Legacies in Ecosystem Flux Response to Antecedent Rainfall J. Cranko Page et al.
- A joint framework for studying compound ecoclimatic events A. Bastos et al.
- Review article: Drought as a continuum – memory effects in interlinked hydrological, ecological, and social systems A. Van Loon et al.
- A geographically weighted XGBoost framework for Pixel-Level modeling of vegetation responses using Multi-Source Earth Observation data Y. Khosravi & T. Ouarda
- Compound droughts and hot extremes: Characteristics, drivers, changes, and impacts Z. Hao et al.
- Prediction of Canopy Cover Loss in German Spruce Forests Using a Spatio-Temporal Approach S. Shrestha et al.
- Resistance of vegetation sensitivity to climate and human activities under short-term drought in subtropical humid region: a case study of Guangdong, China Y. Wu et al.
- Drought Legacy in Sub‐Seasonal Vegetation State and Sensitivity to Climate Over the Northern Hemisphere M. Wu et al.
- Changes in the probability of temporally compound wet and dry events in a warmer world: case study in the Upper Jhelum Basin—South Asia R. Ansari et al.
- Growing through dry spells: Unveiling tolerance thresholds in three major tree species during soil water scarcity in Central Europe Z. Foroozan et al.
- Changes in compound dry–hot extremes in Croatia: Spatio-temporal features and the dominant role of temperature M. Boras et al.
- The Forest Resistance to Droughts Differentiated by Tree Height in Central Europe T. Li et al.
- Recovery Following Recurrent Fires Across Mediterranean Ecosystems T. Ermitão et al.
- Compound atmospheric and marine hot extremes coupled with droughts in Madagascar A. Russo et al.
- The extremely hot and dry 2018 summer in central and northern Europe from a multi-faceted weather and climate perspective E. Rousi et al.
- Land surface model underperformance tied to specific meteorological conditions J. Cranko Page et al.
- Evaluating the consistency of forest disturbance datasets in continental USA L. Eifler et al.
- Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide H. Hartmann et al.
- Evidence and attribution of the enhanced land carbon sink S. Ruehr et al.
- Towards species‐level forecasts of drought‐induced tree mortality risk M. De Kauwe et al.
- Continuous assessment of the factors driving the urban surface thermal environment in 1,469 cities worldwide J. Yang et al.
- Increased stress from compound drought and heat events on vegetation S. Zhou et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 06 May 2026
Short summary
Temperate biomes in Europe are not prone to recurrent dry and hot conditions in summer. However, these conditions may become more frequent in the coming decades. Because stress conditions can leave legacies for many years, this may result in reduced ecosystem resilience under recurrent stress. We assess vegetation vulnerability to the hot and dry summers in 2018 and 2019 in Europe and find the important role of inter-annual legacy effects from 2018 in modulating the impacts of the 2019 event.
Temperate biomes in Europe are not prone to recurrent dry and hot conditions in summer. However,...
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