<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth System Dynamics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Syst. Dynam.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2190-4987</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/esd-5-471-2014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Contrasting roles of interception and transpiration in the hydrological cycle &amp;ndash; Part 2: Moisture recycling</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van der Ent</surname>
<given-names>R. J.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5450-4333</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang-Erlandsson</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7739-5069</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Keys</surname>
<given-names>P. W.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-1563</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Savenije</surname>
<given-names>H. H. G.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2234-7203</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>05</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>471</fpage>
<lpage>489</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2014 R. J. van der Ent et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/5/471/2014/esd-5-471-2014.html">This article is available from https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/5/471/2014/esd-5-471-2014.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/5/471/2014/esd-5-471-2014.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/5/471/2014/esd-5-471-2014.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The contribution of land evaporation to local and remote precipitation (i.e.
moisture recycling) is of significant importance to sustain water resources
and ecosystems. But how important are different evaporation components in
sustaining precipitation? This is the first paper to present moisture
recycling metrics for partitioned evaporation. In the companion paper
Wang-Erlandsson et al. (2014) (hereafter Part 1), evaporation was partitioned into
vegetation interception, floor interception, soil moisture evaporation and
open-water evaporation (constituting the direct, purely physical fluxes,
largely dominated by interception), and transpiration (delayed, biophysical
flux). Here, we track these components forward as well as backward in time.
We also include age tracers to study the atmospheric residence times of these
evaporation components. We present a new image of the global hydrological
cycle that includes quantification of partitioned evaporation and moisture
recycling as well as the atmospheric residence times of all fluxes. We
demonstrate that evaporated interception is more likely to return as
precipitation on land than transpired water. On average, direct evaporation
(essentially interception) is found to have an atmospheric residence time of
8 days, while transpiration typically resides for 9 days in the atmosphere.
The process scale over which evaporation recycles is more local for
interception compared to transpiration; thus interception generally
precipitates closer to its evaporative source than transpiration, which is
particularly pronounced outside the tropics. We conclude that interception
mainly works as an intensifier of the local hydrological cycle during wet
spells and wet seasons. On the other hand, transpiration remains active
during dry spells and dry seasons and is transported over much larger
distances downwind, where it can act as a significant source of moisture.
Thus, as various land-use types can differ considerably in their partitioning
between interception and transpiration, our results stress that land-use
changes (e.g. forest-to-cropland conversion) do not only affect the magnitude
of moisture recycling, but could also influence the moisture recycling
patterns and lead to a redistribution of water resources. As such, this
research highlights that land-use changes can have complex effects on the
atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="19"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bagley, J. E., Desai, A. R., Dirmeyer, P. A., and Foley, J. A.: Effects of land cover change on moisture availability and potential crop yield in the world&apos;s breadbaskets, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 014009, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014009&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014009&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bagley, J. E., Desai, A. R., Harding, K. J., Snyder, P. K., and Foley, J. A.: Drought and deforestation: has land cover change influenced recent precipitation extremes in the Amazon?, J. Climate, 27, 345–361, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00369.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00369.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bosilovich, M. G. and Schubert, S. D.: Water vapor tracers as diagnostics of the regional hydrologic cycle, J. Hydrometeorol., 3, 149–165, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003&lt;0149:WVTADO&gt;2.0.CO;2&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003&lt;0149:WVTADO&gt;2.0.CO;2&lt;/a&gt;, 2002.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bosilovich, M. G., Sud, Y., Schubert, S. D., and Walker, G. K.: GEWEX CSE sources of precipitation using GCM water vapor tracers, GEWEX News, 12 pp. (1, 6, 7, 12), 2002.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bowring, S. P. K., Miller, L. M., Ganzeveld, L., and Kleidon, A.: Applying the concept of &quot;energy return on investment&quot; to desert greening of the Sahara/Sahel using a global climate model, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 43–53, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-43-2014&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-43-2014&lt;/a&gt;, 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Brovkin, V., Boysen, L., Arora, V. K., Boisier, J. P., Cadule, P., Chini, L., Claussen, M., Friedlingstein, P., Gayler, V., Van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., Hurtt, G. C., Jones, C. D., Kato, E., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Pacifico, F., Pongratz, J., and Weiss, M.: Effect of anthropogenic land-use and land-cover changes on climate and land carbon storage in CMIP5 projections for the twenty-first century, J. Climate, 26, 6859–6881, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00623.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00623.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Brubaker, K. L., Entekhabi, D., and Eagleson, P. S.: Estimation of continental precipitation recycling, J. Climate, 6, 1077–1089, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006&lt;1077:EOCPR&gt;2.0.CO;2&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006&lt;1077:EOCPR&gt;2.0.CO;2&lt;/a&gt;, 1993.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Burde, G. I. and Zangvil, A.: The estimation of regional precipitation recycling, Part I: Review of recycling models, J. Climate, 14, 2497–2508, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014&lt;2497:TEORPR&gt;2.0.CO;2&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014&lt;2497:TEORPR&gt;2.0.CO;2&lt;/a&gt;, 2001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chahine, M. T.: The hydrological cycle and its influence on climate, Nature, 359, 373–380, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359373a0&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/359373a0&lt;/a&gt;, 1992.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Coenders-Gerrits, A. M. J., van der Ent, R. J., Bogaard, T. A., Wang-Erlandsson, L., Hrachowitz, M., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Uncertainties in transpiration estimates, Nature, 506, E1–E2, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12925&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12925&lt;/a&gt;, 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Corless, R. M., Gonnet, G. H., Hare, D. E. G., Jeffrey, D. J., and Knuth, D. E.: On the Lambert W function, Adv. Comput. Math., 5, 329–359, 1996.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dallmeyer, A. and Claussen, M.: The influence of land cover change in the Asian monsoon region on present-day and mid-Holocene climate, Biogeosci., 8, 1499–1519, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1499-2011&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1499-2011&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">De Boer, H. J., Lammertsma, E. I., Wagner-Cremer, F., Dilcher, D. L., Wassen, M. J., and Dekker, S. C.: Climate forcing due to optimization of maximal leaf conductance in subtropical vegetation under rising CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 4041–4046, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100555108&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100555108&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., Van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hòlm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J. N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.828&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dekker, S. C., Rietkerk, M., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Coupling microscale vegetation–soil water and macroscale vegetation–precipitation feedbacks in semiarid ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 671–678, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01327.x&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01327.x&lt;/a&gt;, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dirmeyer, P. A. and Brubaker, K. L.: Contrasting evaporative moisture sources during the drought of 1988 and the flood of 1993, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19383–19397, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900222&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900222&lt;/a&gt;, 1999.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dirmeyer, P. A. and Brubaker, K. L.: Characterization of the global hydrologic cycle from a back-trajectory analysis of atmospheric water vapor, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 20–37, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JHM557.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM557.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dirmeyer, P. A., Brubaker, K. L., and DelSole, T.: Import and export of atmospheric water vapor between nations, J. Hydrol., 365, 11–22, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.016&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.016&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dirmeyer, P. A., Wei, J., Bosilovich, M. G., and Mocko, D. M.: Comparing Evaporative Sources of Terrestrial Precipitation and Their Extremes in MERRA Using Relative Entropy, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 102–116, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-053.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-053.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dominguez, F. and Kumar, P.: Precipitation recycling variability and ecoclimatological stability – a study using NARR Data, Part I: Central US plains ecoregion, J. Climate, 21, 5165–5186, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI1756.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI1756.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dominguez, F., Kumar, P., Liang, X. Z., and Ting, M.: Impact of atmospheric moisture storage on precipitation recycling, J. Climate, 19, 1513–1530, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3691.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3691.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Druyan, L. M. and Koster, R. D.: Sources of Sahel precipitation for simulated drought and rainy seasons, J. Climate, 2, 1438–1446, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002&lt;1438:SOSPFS&gt;2.0.CO;2&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002&lt;1438:SOSPFS&gt;2.0.CO;2&lt;/a&gt;, 1989.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Eltahir, E. A. B. and Bras, R. L.: Precipitation recycling in the Amazon Basin, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 861–880, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051806&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051806&lt;/a&gt;, 1994.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Froehlich, K., Gibson, J. J., and Aggarwal, P.: Deuterium Excess in Precipitation and Its Climatological Significance, International Atomic Energy Agency, C&amp;S Papers Series 13/P, 54–66, Vienna, Austria, 2001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gat, J. R. and Matsui, E.: Atmospheric water balance in the Amazon basin: an isotopic evapotranspiration model, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13179–13188, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jd00054&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/91jd00054&lt;/a&gt;, 1991.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gimeno, L., Stohl, A., Trigo, R. M., Dominguez, F., Yoshimura, K., Yu, L., Drumond, A., Durán-Quesada, A. M., and Nieto, R.: Oceanic and terrestrial sources of continental precipitation, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG4003, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012RG000389&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2012RG000389&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Goessling, H. F. and Reick, C. H.: What do moisture recycling estimates tell us? Exploring the extreme case of non-evaporating continents, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3217–3235, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3217-2011&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3217-2011&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Goessling, H. F. and Reick, C. H.: On the &quot;well-mixed&quot; assumption and numerical 2-D tracing of atmospheric moisture, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5567–5585, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5567-2013&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5567-2013&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gong, C. and Eltahir, E.: Sources of moisture for rainfall in west Africa, Water Resour. Res., 32, 3115–3121, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96WR01940&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR01940&lt;/a&gt;, 1996.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Henderson-Sellers, A., McGuffie, K., and Zhang, H.: Stable isotopes as validation tools for global climate model predictions of the impact of Amazonian deforestation, J. Climate, 15, 2664–2677, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&lt;2664:SIAVTF&gt;2.0.CO%&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&lt;2664:SIAVTF&gt;2.0.CO{</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jasechko, S., Sharp, Z. D., Gibson, J. J., Birks, S. J., Yi, Y., and Fawcett, P. J.: Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration, Nature, 496, 347–350, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11983&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11983&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Keenan, T. F., Hollinger, D. Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J. W., Schmid, H. P., and Richardson, A. D.: Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise, Nature, 499, 324–327, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12291&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Keys, P. W., van der Ent, R. J., Gordon, L. J., Hoff, H., Nikoli, R., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Analyzing precipitationsheds to understand the vulnerability of rainfall dependent regions, Biogeosci., 9, 733–746, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-733-2012&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-733-2012&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Keys, P. W., Barnes, E. A., van der Ent, R. J., and Gordon, L. J.: Variability of moisture recycling using a precipitationshed framework, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3937–3950, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3937-2014&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3937-2014&lt;/a&gt;, 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kleidon, A., Fraedrich, K., and Heimann, M.: A green planet versus a desert world: estimating the maximum effect of vegetation on the land surface climate, Clim. Change, 44, 471–493, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1005559518889&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005559518889&lt;/a&gt;, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Knoche, H. R. and Kunstmann, H.: Tracking atmospheric water pathways by direct evaporation tagging: a case study for West Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 12345–12358, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JD019976&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD019976&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Knox, R., Bisht, G., Wang, J., and Bras, R.: Precipitation variability over the forest-to-nonforest transition in southwestern Amazonia, J. Climate, 24, 2368–2377, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3815.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3815.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Koster, R., Jouzel, J., Suozzo, R., Russell, G., Broecker, W., Rind, D., and Eagleson, P.: Global sources of local precipitation as determined by the NASA/GISS GCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 121–124, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL013i002p00121&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i002p00121&lt;/a&gt;, 1986.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Koster, R. D., Dirmeyer, P. A., Guo, Z., Bonan, G., Chan, E., Cox, P., Gordon, C. T., Kanae, S., Kowalczyk, E., Lawrence, D., Liu, P., Lu, C. H., Malyshev, S., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, K., Mocko, D., Oki, T., Oleson, K., Pitman, A., Sud, Y. C., Taylor, C. M., Verseghy, D., Vasic, R., Xue, Y., and Yamada, T.: Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation, Science, 305, 1138–1140, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1100217&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100217&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kurita, N., Yoshida, N., Inoue, G., and Chayanova, E. A.: Modern isotope climatology of Russia: a first assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03102, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003404&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003404&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lettau, H., Lettau, K., and Molion, L. C.: Amazonia&apos;s hydrological cycle and the role of atmospheric recycling in assessing deforestation effects, Mon. Weather Rev., 107, 227–238, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107&lt;0227:AHCATR&gt;2.0.CO;2&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107&lt;0227:AHCATR&gt;2.0.CO;2&lt;/a&gt;, 1979.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lorenz, C. and Kunstmann, H.: The hydrological cycle in three state-of-the-art reanalyses: intercomparison and performance analysis, J. Hydrometeorol., 13, 1397–1420, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-088.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-088.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Mueller, B., Hirschi, M., Jimenez, C., Ciais, P., Dirmeyer, P. A., Dolman, A. J., Fisher, J. B., Jung, M., Ludwig, F., Maignan, F., Miralles, D. G., McCabe, M. F., Reichstein, M., Sheffield, J., Wang, K., Wood, E. F., Zhang, Y., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration: LandFlux-EVAL multi-data set synthesis, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3707–3720, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Nieto, R., Gimeno, L., and Trigo, R. M.: A Lagrangian identification of major sources of Sahel moisture, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18707, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027232&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027232&lt;/a&gt;, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Numaguti, A.: Origin and recycling processes of precipitating water over the Eurasian continent: experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1957–1972, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200026&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200026&lt;/a&gt;, 1999.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Pielke Sr, R. A., Pitman, A., Niyogi, D., Mahmood, R., McAlpine, C., Hossain, F., Goldewijk, K. K., Nair, U., Betts, R., Fall, S., Reichstein, M., Kabat, P., and de Noblet, N.: Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational evidence, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2, 828–850, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.144&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.144&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Pitman, A. J., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Avila, F. B., Alexander, L. V., Boisier, J.-P., Brovkin, V., Delire, C., Cruz, F., Donat, M. G., Gayler, V., Van den Hurk, B., Reick, C., and Voldoire, A.: Effects of land cover change on temperature and rainfall extremes in multi-model ensemble simulations, Earth Syst. Dynam., 3, 213–231, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-213-2012&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-213-2012&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Reij, C. P. and Smaling, E. M. A.: Analyzing successes in agriculture and land management in Sub-Saharan Africa: is macro-level gloom obscuring positive micro-level change?, Land Use Pol., 25, 410–420, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rios-Entenza, A. and Miguez-Macho, G.: Moisture recycling and the maximum of precipitation in spring in the Iberian Peninsula, Clim. Dynam., 42, 3207–3231, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1971-x&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1971-x&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Risi, C., Noone, D., Frankenberg, C., and Worden, J.: The role of continental recycling in intra-seasonal variations of continental moisture as deduced from model simulations and water vapor isotopic measurements, Water Resour. Res., 49, 4136–4156, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20312&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20312&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, A., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., Nykvist, B., de Wit, C. A., Hughes, T., Van der Leeuw, S., Rodhe, H., Sörlin, S., Snyder, P. K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., Falkenmark, M., Karlberg, L., Corell, R. W., Fabry, V. J., Hansen, J., Walker, B., Liverman, D., Richardson, K., Crutzen, P., and Foley, J.: Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity, Ecol. Soc., 14, 32, 33 pp., 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rockström, J., Falkenmark, M., Lannerstad, M., and Karlberg, L.: The planetary water drama: dual task of feeding humanity and curbing climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15401, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl051688&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl051688&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref53">
<label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rowell, D. P.: The impact of Mediterranean SSTs on the Sahelian rainfall season, J. Climate, 16, 849–862, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016&lt;0849:tiomso&gt;2.0.co;2&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016&lt;0849:tiomso&gt;2.0.co;2&lt;/a&gt;, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref54">
<label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Roy, S. B. and Avissar, R.: Impact of land use/land cover change on regional hydrometeorology in Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res., 107, LBA 4-1–LBA 4-12, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jd000266&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd000266&lt;/a&gt;, 2002.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref55">
<label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Savenije, H. H. G.: New definitions for moisture recycling and the relationship with land-use changes in the Sahel, J. Hydrol., 167, 57–78, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02632-L&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02632-L&lt;/a&gt;, 1995.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref56">
<label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Savenije, H. H. G.: The importance of interception and why we should delete the term evapotranspiration from our vocabulary, Hydrol. Process., 18, 1507–1511, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5563&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5563&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref57">
<label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Spracklen, D. V., Arnold, S. R., and Taylor, C. M.: Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage over forests, Nature, 489, 282–285, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11390&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11390&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref58">
<label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Taylor, C. M., Gounou, A., Guichard, F., Harris, P. P., Ellis, R. J., Couvreux, F., and De Kauwe, M.: Frequency of Sahelian storm initiation enhanced over mesoscale soil-moisture patterns, Nat. Geosci., 4, 430–433, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1173&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1173&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref59">
<label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tian, L., Yao, T., MacClune, K., White, J. W. C., Schilla, A., Vaughn, B., Vachon, R., and Ichiyanagi, K.: Stable isotopic variations in west China: a consideration of moisture sources, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10112, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007718&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007718&lt;/a&gt;, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref60">
<label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Trenberth, K. E.: Atmospheric moisture residence times and cycling: implications for rainfall rates and climate change, Clim. Change, 39, 667–694, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref61">
<label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Trenberth, K. E.: Atmospheric moisture recycling: role of advection and local evaporation, J. Climate, 12, 1368–1381, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012&lt;1368:AMRROA&gt;2.0.CO;2&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012&lt;1368:AMRROA&gt;2.0.CO;2&lt;/a&gt;, 1999.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref62">
<label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., and Mackaro, J.: Atmospheric moisture transports from ocean to land and global energy flows in reanalyses, J. Climate, 24, 4907–4924, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4171.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4171.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref63">
<label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tuinenburg, O. A., Hutjes, R. W. A., and Kabat, P.: The fate of evaporated water from the Ganges basin, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D01107, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016221&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016221&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref64">
<label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">van de Giesen, N., Liebe, J., and Jung, G.: Adapting to climate change in the Volta Basin, West Africa, Curr. Sci. India, 98, 1033–1037, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref65">
<label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">van den Hurk, B. J. J. M. and van Meijgaard, E.: Diagnosing land-atmosphere interaction from a regional climate model simulation over West Africa, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 467–481, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1173.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1173.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref66">
<label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">van der Ent, R. J. and Savenije, H. H. G.: Length and time scales of atmospheric moisture recycling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1853–1863, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1853-2011&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1853-2011&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref67">
<label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">van der Ent, R. J. and Savenije, H. H. G.: Oceanic sources of continental precipitation and the correlation with sea surface temperature, Water Resour. Res., 49, 3993–4004, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20296&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20296&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref68">
<label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">van der Ent, R. J., Savenije, H. H. G., Schaefli, B., and Steele-Dunne, S. C.: Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents, Water Resour. Res., 46, W09525, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009127&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009127&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref69">
<label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">van der Ent, R. J., Tuinenburg, O. A., Knoche, H.-R., Kunstmann, H., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Should we use a simple or complex model for moisture recycling and atmospheric moisture tracking?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4869–4884, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4869-2013&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4869-2013&lt;/a&gt;, 2013..</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref70">
<label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wang-Erlandsson, L., van der Ent, R. J., Gordon, L. J., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Contrasting roles of interception and transpiration in the hydrological cycle – Part 1: Temporal characteristics over land, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 441–469, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-441-2014&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-441-2014&lt;/a&gt;, 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref71">
<label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wei, J., Dirmeyer, P. A., Wisser, D., Bosilovich, M. G., and Mocko, D. M.: Where does the irrigation water go? An estimate of the contribution of irrigation to precipitation using MERRA, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 275–289, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-079.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-079.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref72">
<label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Yoshimura, K., Oki, T., Ohte, N., and Kanae, S.: Colored moisture analysis estimates of variations in 1998 Asian monsoon water sources, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 82, 1315–1329, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2004.1315&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2004.1315&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref73">
<label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zolina, O., Simmer, C., Belyaev, K., Gulev, S. K., and Koltermann, P.: Changes in the duration of european wet and dry spells during the last 60 years, J. Climate, 26, 2022–2047, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00498.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00498.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>